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WO R K S C I T E D Fan magazines and other primary or archival materials are cited in the text of individual essays. Abel, Richard. Americanizing the Movies and “Movie-Mad” Audiences, 1910–1914. Berkeley: U of California P, 2006. ———. “Photogénie and Company.” French Film Theory and Criticism: A History/Anthology 1907–1939. Vol. 1: 1907–1929. Ed. Richard Abel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1988. 95–124. ———. The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900–1910. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999. Adair, Gilbert. “The Tramp.” The Essential Chaplin: Perspectives on the Life and Art of the Great Comedian. Ed. Richard Schickel. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006. 100–102. Adorno, Theodor W. “Chaplin Times Two.” Trans. John MacKay. The Essential Chaplin: Perspectives on the Life and Art of the Great Comedian. Ed. Richard Schickel. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006. 267–72. Affron, Charles. Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life. Berkeley: U of California P, 2001. Agee, James. “Comedy’s Greatest Era” (1949). The Film Comedy Reader. Ed. Gregg Rickman. New York: Limelight Editions, 2001. 14–28. ———. A Death in the Family. New York: Random House, 1967. Ammons, Elizabeth. “The New Woman as Cultural Symbol and Social Reality: Six Women Writers’ Perspectives.” 1915: The Cultural Moment. Ed. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers UP, 1991. 82–97. Arnheim, Rudolf. “Chaplin’s Early Films.” Trans. John MacKay. Yale Journal of Criticism 9 (1996): 311–14. Asendorf, Christoph. Batteries of Life: On the History of Things and Their Perception in Modernity. Trans. Don Reneau. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Atherton, Gertrude. Black Oxen. New York: A. L. Burt, 1923. Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1984. Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1976. Bao, Weihong. “From Pearl White to White Rose Woo: Tracing the Vernacular Body of Nüxia in Chinese Silent Cinema, 1927–1931.” Camera Obscura 20.60 (2005): 193–231. Basinger, Jeanine. Silent Stars. New York: Knopf, 1999. Bazin, André. What Is Cinema? Trans. Hugh Gray. Vol. 1. Berkeley: U of California P, 1967. Bean, Jennifer M. “The Art of Imitation: The Originality of Charlie Chaplin and Other Moving-Images Myths.” Slapstick Comedy. Ed. Tom Paulus and Rob King. New York: Routledge, 2010. 236–61. ———. “Technologies of Early Stardom and the Extraordinary Body.” Camera Obscura 16.3 (2001): 9–56. Beauchamp, Cari. Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood . New York: Scribner’s, 1997. Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995. 269 ★★★★★★★★★★ ✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩ Benjamin, Walter. “The Formula in Which the Dialectical Structure of Film Finds Expression .” The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media. Ed. Michael W. Jennings, Brigid Doherty, and Thomas Y. Levin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 2008. 340–41. Bernardi, Joanne. Writing in Light: The Silent Scenario and the Japanese Pure Film Movement. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 2001. Bertellini, Giorgio. “Black Hands and White Hearts. Italian Immigrants as Urban Racial Types in Early 20th Century American Cinema.” Urban History 31.3 (2004): 374–98. ———. “Duce/Divo: Displaced Rhetorics of Masculinity, Racial Identity, and Politics among Italian-Americans in 1920’s New York City.” Journal of Urban History 31.5 (2005): 685–726. ———. Italy in Early American Cinema: Race, Landscape, and the Picturesque. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2009. ———, audio commentary. The Italian (DVD). The Perils of the New Land: The Immigrant Experience (1910–1915) (2 discs). Los Angeles: Flicker Alley/Film Preservation Associates, 2008. Birchard, Robert S. “The Adventures of Francis Ford and Grace Cunard.” American Cinematographer 74.7 (1993): 72–82. ———. “The (Continued) Adventures of Francis Ford and Grace Cunard.” American Cinematographer 74.8 (1993): 64–86. Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Now Hiring: The Feminization of Work in the United States, 1900–1995. College Station: Texas A&M UP, 1997. Blake, Angela. How New York Became American, 1890–1924. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006. Bordwell, David. Narration in the Fiction Film. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1985. Bowser, Eileen. The Transformation of Cinema, 1907–1915. New York: Scribner’s, 1990. Boyer, Paul S. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1978. Brader, Chris. “‘A World on Wings’: Young Female Workers and Cinema in World War I.” Women’s History Review 14.1 (2005): 99–117. Bramen, Carrie Tirado. “The Urban Picturesque and the...

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