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60. CHIME, “Join CHIME: Membership Criteria,” http://www.cio-chime.org/JoinCHIME/ criteria.asp (accessed February 5, 2009). 61. HIMSS Legacy Workgroup, “History of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society.” 62. Information in this paragraph is drawn primarily from the AMDIS Web site, www.amdis.org. 63. In one recent survey, 75 percent of CMIOs reported that they continue to practice medicine. Violet L. Shaffer, “Evolving Organization Needs and the Role of CMIO: 2007 AMDIS-Gartner Survey Findings,” http://www.amdis.org/2007%20AMDIS %20Gartner%20Survey.pdf (accessed February 5, 2009). 64. AAPC, “American Academy of Professional Coders: Home,” http://www.aapc.com/ (accessed February 5, 2009). 65. Significantly, however, medical coders are only a disadvantaged occupational group relative to their fellow health information professionals. According to a recent survey , in 2007 the average annual salary for medical coders varied from $35,000 to $45,000 depending on region—quite close to the average annual salary of $40,700 in the U.S. economy as a whole. Unlike the average U.S. worker, however, professional coders in most regions experienced salary increases of 15–20 percent from 2007 to 2008. See Ericson, “2008 Salary Survey.” 66. AAPC, “Medical Coding Certification,” http://www.aapc.com/certification/ index.aspx (accessed February 5, 2009); Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09 Edition: Medical Records and Health Information Technicians,” http://www.stats.bls.gov/oco/ocos103.htm (accessed February 5, 2009). 67. Glenn R. Carroll and Michael T. Hannan, The Demography of Corporations and Industries (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). 68. Figure 8.4 could be read as showing at least a slight inverse relationship between the growth rates of AHIMA and AAPC in the period since 1999. This may reflect the abovementioned competition between those two bodies in the market for codercerti fication. However, one should not lose sight of the fact that both associations experience significant and monotonic growth throughout this period, suggesting that, despite whatever competition may exist, the game is hardly zero-sum. 69. This count includes only conferences based in the United States. HIMSS has recently launched two international annual conferences, one based in Asia and the other in the Middle East. 70. CHIME, “Events and Education: Past CIO Forum Highlights,” http://www.cio -chime.org/events/forum/highlights.asp (accessed February 5, 2009). 71. HIMSS Legacy Workgroup, “History of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society.” 72. To compile journal counts, we searched the National Library of Medicine’s electronic catalog for the specification: (health* OR medic* OR clinic* OR hospital*) AND (informat* OR comput* OR data*). Results were then narrowed by hand and supplemented with a small number of additional journals listed at http://www .informatics-review.com/journals/index.html. To preserve our focus on health information management, we excluded eighteen journals that meet our search criteria but that publish exclusively in the fields of genomics, bioinformatics, or computer imaging and monitoring. 73. Carroll and Hannan, Demography of Corporations. 74. These lists are currently confined to the “generalist” associations in the HIP field. As of this writing, none of the more narrowly focused HIP associations (AMDIS, Notes to Pages 150–155 205 CHIME, and AAPC) either list, approve, or accredit training programs in their respective areas. 75. AHIMA, “Approved Coding Education Programs,” http://www.ahima.org/careers/ college_search/search.asp (accessed February 5, 2009). 76. AMIA, “Informatics Academic and Training Programs,” http://www.amia.org/ informatics/acad%2526training/index.asp (accessed February 5, 2009). 77. HIMSS, “Directory of Academic Programs in HIMSS-Related Disciplines,” http://www.himss.org/content/files/EducatorsSIGdirectory.pdf (accessed February 5, 2009). 78. CAHIIM, “Directory of Academic Programs,” http://www.cahiim.org/directory/ (accessed February 5, 2009). 79. This count is complicated by the fact that several educational institutions offer HIP training opportunities through multiple programs—for example a health information management program in the business school and a nursing informatics program in the school of nursing. In addition, many programs offer multiple types of educational opportunities (including everything from short online courses to research fellowships and post-docs) and award multiple degrees. Our discussion therefore distinguishes between the number of educational institutions, the number of programs , and the number of educational opportunities. In general, however, we focus on the number of programs, because this indicator, we believe, is the most reflective both of student experiences and of the structure of professional knowledge. 80. LCME, “Overview: Accreditation and the LCME...

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