Through Soviet Jewish Eyes: Photography, War, and the Holocaust

Notes

• 237 • • Notes • • Introduction • 1. Neil Gabler, An Empire of Their Own: How Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Anchor, 1989). 2. J. Hoberman and Jeffrey Shandler, eds., Entertaining America: Jews, Movies, and Broadcasting (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). 3. Andrea Most, Making Americans: Jews and the Broadway Musical (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), 6–7. 4. Max Kozloff, “Jewish Sensibility and the Photography of New York,” in New York: Capital of Photography, ed. Max Kozloff (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002). See also Richard Woodward’s critique of Kozloff, “Behind a Century of Photographs, Was There a Jewish Eye?” New York Times, July 7, 2002, Art/Architecture, 1. 5. William Klein quoted in Anthony Lane, “The Shutterbug: With Two New Shows, William Klein Is Back in Town,” New Yorker, May 21, 2001, 78. For a summary of the arguments about Jewish photography, see Alan Trachtenberg, “The Claim of a Jewish Eye,” Pakntreger (Spring 2003): 20–25. Klein references three Jews: Weegee, Arbus, and Frank. Weegee is the pseudonym of Usher Fellig, born in Z⁄ loczów in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 6. Anna Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006). 7. Personal communication with Anna Shternshis, February 6, 2009. 8. Most, Making Americans, 6–7. 9. Khaldei’s birth date has been a matter of contention. In the mid-1930s, to get a job with a local newspaper, Khaldei backdated his birth one year to 1916 so that he was old enough for the job. Thus, many of the documents in his archive give his birth year as 1916. He claimed that it was, in fact, 1917. 10. The photo was reproduced in Ernst Volland and Heinz Krimmer, eds., Jewgeni Chaldej: Der bedeutende Augenblick (Berlin: Neuer Europa Verlag, 2008), 15. 11. Yuri Emmanuelovitch Evzerikhin, interview by the author, June 2004. The written biographical accounts of Evzerikhin, all published in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia, do not mention his Jewish background. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own. 12. Dmitrii Baltermants (Moscow: Moskovskii dom fotografii, 2002). See also Faces of a Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991. Photographs by Dmitrii Baltermants (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Press, 1996). 13. On late Stalinist anti-Semitism, see Yehoshua Gilboa, Black Years of Soviet Jewry (New York: Little, Brown, 1971); Vladimir Naumov and Joshua Rubenstein, eds., Stalin’s Secret Pogroms: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001); Gennadii Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika Stalina: Vlast’ i antisemitizm (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 2003). • 1. How a Group of Jews from the Provinces Built Soviet Photojournalism • 1. Grigorii Boltianskii, “Russkaia fotografiia v datakh,” Sovetskoe foto, no. 6 (1939): 29. 2. Ibid. 3. Marvin Lyons, Russia in Original Photographs, 1860–1920 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977). 4. Iurii Sergeev and A. Mineeva, Fotografii na pamiat’: Fotografy Nevskogo prospekta, 1850–1950 (St. Petersburg: Slaviia, 2003), 63. 5. Robert Allshouse, ed., Photographs for the Tsar: The Pioneering Color Photography of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii (New York: Dial Press, 1980). 6. Michael Berkowitz, “Jews and the History of Photography: New Areas of Research,” Parkes Institute Seminar Programme, University of Southampton, October 22, 2008. Thanks to Michael for sharing his information about his great-grandfather. 7. Benjamin Harshav, The Meaning of Yiddish (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 120; see also Vitaly Charny, “Konstantin Shapiro: Court Photographer of Russian Art,” Jewish Gen, www.jewishgen.org. 8. Jonathan Wilson, Marc Chagall (New York: Schocken, 2007), 22. 9. Alexander Ivanov, “Experiments of a ‘Young Man for Photographic Works’: Solomon Yudovin and Russian Pictorialism,” trans. A. Kushkova, in Photoarchive of An-Sky’s Expeditions (St. Petersburg: Petersburg Judaica, 2005), 2. 10. See Kalman Bland, The Artless Jew (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001). 11. Nachum Gidal, “Jews and Photography,” Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1987, 437–453. 12. Berkowitz, “Jews and the History of Photography.” 13. See Lucjan Dubroszycki and Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Image Before My Eyes: A Photographic History of Jewish Life in Poland before the Holocaust (New York: Schocken, 1994). 14. Sergeev and Mineeva, Fotografii na pamiat’. Only two Jews among several dozen photographers participated in early photography exhibitions commissioned by Czar Alexander III and then Nicholas II in Moscow. See the Ukazatel’ fotograficheskoi vystavki 1892 goda ustroennoi fotograficheskim otdelom ORTZ v Moskve (Moscow: T. Gagen, 1892). I noted only one obviously Jewish name, that of a medical photographer, Lazar Solomonovitch Minor, who participated...