Managing Ethnic Diversity after 9/11: Integration, Security, and Civil Liberties in Transatlantic Perspective

1. Quandaries of Integration in America and Europe: An Introduction

FIGURES 6.1. Muslims’ preference for the same type of neighborhood as they currently live in, by current neighborhood, pooled data 104 8.1. Two dimensions of integration success/failure 153 14.1. Average personal income by generation 261 14.2. Average years of schooling by generation 262 14.3. Percentage preferring to speak English at home, by generation 263 14.4. Percentage who report their ethnic identity as “not important,” by generation 264 14.5. Racial/ethnic composition of census tract, by generation 264 14.6. Median income of census tract, by generation 265 14.7. Average political engagement score, by generation 266 14.8. Importance of ethnic identity and mean years of schooling among second- and third-generation persons of Mexican origin 267 ix TABLES 6.1. Ethno-Religious Diversity 102 6.2. Preference for Integration, Segregation, and Isolation 103 6.3. Aversion to Muslim or Christian Neighbors 105 6.4. Perception of Muslims Being Respectful of Other Religions 107 6.5. Do People with Different Religious Practices than Yours Threaten Your Way of Life? 107 6.6. Are Muslims Living in This Country Respectful of Women? 108 6.7. Are Muslims Living in This Country Respectful of Women? By Gender of Respondent 109 6.8. Are Muslims Loyal to This Country? 110 7.1. Structural and Motivational Factors Contributing to Terrorism 117 7.2. Perceptions of Muslims 124 8.1. Unemployment Rates for Immigrants and Natives, 2004 153 8.2. Educational Attainment of Immigrant Populations, 2004 154 8.3. Unemployment Rates of Foreign-born Populations, by Level of Education Attainment, 2003–2004 154 8.4. Political Integration of Immigrant Populations, 2004 155 8.5. Attitudes toward Immigrants and Muslims 156 8.6. Muslims in Europe: Attitudes toward Identity, Fellow Citizens, and Modernity 158 10.1. Constructivist and Realist Theories of Discrimination of Minority Communities 179 10.2. Typology of Discriminatory Practices in Policing Minorities 189 13.1. Culturalization of Citizenship 238 xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume constitutes a companion to an earlier book we coedited and published in 2008, entitled Immigration, Integration and Security: America and Europe in Comparative Perspective. Despite the title, that volume generated more questions than answers on the issue of the integration of ethnic minorities in a post 9/11 environment. This book attempts to redress that oversight by focusing on the dilemmas surrounding the successor generation of the children of immigrants. This book therefore examines the issue of how the children of immigrants can be assured their rights while enhancing everyone’s civil security. This book could not have been possible without the support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, notably through the efforts of Geri Mannion. That grant allowed us the opportunity to engage in a discussion with a broad array of members of the European policy community about our findings, and this helped shape our final manuscript. Participants at that meeting, to whom we are all grateful, included Louisa Anastopolou, Saddik Bakir, Bernard Godard, Robert Lambert, Bernd Marin, Antii Keskisaari, and Guido Tintori. Our effort began as a long-distance collaboration between Pittsburgh and Paris. We would therefore like to thank Jessica Hand and Marcelle Bourbier, who assisted with workshops at both places. It ended in New Jersey, where Eleni Mavrogeorgis and Desiree Gordon provided enormous help and Steve Diner invaluable support. In the final stages of production, Ali Ashraf once again proved to be a hugely valuable asset, and Marlie Wasserman at Rutgers University Press was brave enough to take a chance on this book in the midst of a financial crisis where others may have feared to tread. We thank all of them. On a personal note, we’d like to thank Jamie, Melissa, Amanda, Julie, and Lorène—the children of immigrants all—and Marty Schain and Wendy Kates; their unwavering support and friendship has been an inspiration to us both. Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia CEVIPOF, Sciences Po, Paris Simon Reich DGA, Rutgers University, Newark April 2009 xiii Managing Ethnic Diversity after 9/11 On June 24, 2008, Levar Haney Washington—a Los Angeles Islamic convert who planned to finance terrorist activities through armed robberies—was sentenced to twenty-two years in federal prison. He was convicted on terrorism conspiracy charges. At his sentencing hearing, he told a federal judge he belonged to a prison-based Islamic terrorist cell. Documents found at the...