Integrating the Gridiron: Black Civil Rights and American College Football

Notes

143 PROLOGUE 1. “BCA Chief Building Case for Possible Violations of Federal Civil Rights Act,” Associated Press, 18 December 2008; William C. Rhoden, “Dungy’s New Path: Helping Create One for Black Coaches,” New York Times, 18 February 2009. Rhoden often writes on the issue of black coaches as well as the relationship between sport history and contemporary black college athletes. See Rhoden, Forty Million Dollar Slaves: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Black Athlete (New York: Crown Publishing, 2006). 2. Robert Sellers, “Black Student-Athletes: Reaping the Benefits or Recovering from the Exploitation,” in Racism in College Athletics: The African-American Athlete’s Experience, edited by Dana Brooks and Ronald Althouse (Morgantown, W.Va.: Fitness Information Technology, 1993), 144. 3. Bob Hohler, “Few Minorities Get the Reigns in College Football,” Boston Globe, 21 September 2006; Richard Lapchick, “The 2008 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport,” The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, 19 February 2009. 4. Murray Sperber, Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 369–370; “In College Football, Notre Dame Looks Only to the Color of Money,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 34 (Winter 2002): 47; Selena Roberts, “The Gamecocks Preach One Thing and Practice Another,” New York Times, 24 November 2004, D1; Pete Thamel, “Lou Holtz Steps Down,” New York Times, 23 November 2004, D7. 5. Joan Paul and Richard V. McGhee, “The Arrival and Ascendance of Black Athletes in the Southeastern Conference, 1966–1980,” Phylon 45, no. 4 (1984): 284; William F. Reed, “Culture Shock in Dixieland,” Sports Illustrated, 12 August 1991, 52. 6. George Sage, “Introduction,” in Brooks and Althouse, Racism in College Athletics, 8; Lapchick, “The 2008 Racial and Gender Report Card.” 7. Malcolm Moran, “In a Mystery, Holtz Quits Notre Dame,” New York Times, 20 November 1996, B13; Jim Naughton, “Who Runs College Sports? A Million-Dollar Contract for a Football Coach in Florida Raises That Question,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 November 1996. CHAPTER 1 BEYOND JACKIE ROBINSON Portions of this chapter appeared in “Beyond Jackie Robinson: Racial Integration in American College Football and New Directions in Sport History,” History Compass 5, no. 2 (March 2007): 675–690. NOTES 1. “Roosevelt to Go to Boston,” New York Times, 26 November 1898, 7; Evan J. Albright, “William Henry Lewis: Brief Life of a Football Pioneer,” Harvard Magazine, December 2005, 44–45. 2. Alexander Weyand, Football Immortals (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 137–139; Donald Spivey, “The Black Athlete in Big-Time Intercollegiate Sports, 1941–1968,” Phylon 44, no. 2 (1983): 117; Harold Wade, Black Men of Amherst (Amherst, Mass.: Amherst College Press, 1976), 14–21. 3. Wade, Black Men of Amherst, 15. 4. Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders (New York: Collier, 1899). 5. “Harvard’s Eleven to Return,” New York Times, 24 September 1892, 5. 6. See Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), and Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). 7. John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); Othello Harris, “African-American Predominance in Collegiate Sport,” in Racism in College Athletics: The African-American Athlete’s Experience, edited by Dana Brooks and Ronald Althouse (Morgantown, W.Va.: Fitness Information Technology, 1999), 37–53; David K. Wiggins, “Great Speed but Little Stamina: The Historical Debate Over Black Athletic Superiority,” in The New American Sport History: Recent Approaches and Perspectives, edited by S. W. Pope (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 312–341. 8. John Behee, Hail to the Victors (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 32. 9. John Matthew Smith, “Breaking the Plane: Integration and Black Protest in Michigan State University Football during the 1960s,” Michigan Historical Review 33, no. 2 (2007). 10. Albert Broussard, “George Albert Flippin and Race Relations in a Western Rural Community,” Midwest Review 12 (1990): 1–15. 11. Michael Oriard, King Football (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 285. 12. Oriard, Reading Football, 232. 13. Melvin R. Sylvester, “African Americans in the Sport Arena,” Electronic Library of African American Studies, B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, C. W. Post Campus, Long Island University; American National Biography, edited by John Garraty and Mark Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), vol. 1, 262; Carey Wintz and Paul Finkelman, eds., Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (London: Taylor and Francis, 2004), vol. 2, 996; Robert Peterson, Pigskin: The Early Years...