From Madness to Mental Health: Psychiatric Disorder and Its Treatment in Western Civilization

Contents

Contents vii List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part I The Pneumatic Age 7 The Ancient World The Bible, 1 Samuel (ca. 960 b.c.e.) 10 Euripides (484–407/6 b.c.e.), The Bacchae (ca. 404 b.c.e.) 18 Hippocrates (460–377 b.c.e.), Writings on Hysteria (ca. fourth century b.c.e.) 30 The Bible, Mark 5 (ca. 65–75 c.e.) 36 Soranus of Ephesus (ca. second century c.e.), “Madness or Insanity (Greek Mania)” 39 Medieval and Early Modern Europe Sara –biyu –n Ibn Ibra –hi . –m, “Three Cases of Melancholia by Rufus of Ephesus” (ca. 873 c.e.) 47 Ibn Si . –na – [Avicenna] (ca. 980–1037), “Lovesickness” (First Latin translation, twelfth century) 50 Julian of Norwich (1342–ca. 1416), Revelations of Divine Love (ca. 1390s) 53 Desiderius Erasmus (ca. 1466–1536), The Praise of Folly (1511) 60 Robert Burton (1577–1640), The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) 67 John Brydall (ca. 1635–ca. after 1705), The Law Relating to Natural Fools, Mad-Folks, and Lunatick Persons (1700) 73 Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738), “Aphorisms” (1765) 80 William Cullen (1710–1790), Lectures on the Materia Medica (1773) 85 Part II The Age of Optimism 91 Enlightenment, Romanticism, and Reform Philippe Pinel (1745–1826), A Treatise on Insanity (1801) 94 Johann Christian August Heinroth (1773–1843), Textbook of Disturbances of Mental Life (1818) 105 Jean Etienne Esquirol (1772–1840), “Monomania” (1838) 111 Dorothea Dix (1802–1887), Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts (1843) 116 The M’Naughten Rules (1843) 123 The Asylum The Opal: A Monthly Periodical of the State Lunatic Asylum, Devoted to Usefulness, Edited by the Patients of the Utica State Lunatic Asylum (1850–1860) 134 Limerick District Lunatic Asylum, Report of the Limerick District Lunatic Asylum for the Year Ending December 31st, 1866 (1867) 143 Office of Superintendent Government, Great Britain, Annual Report of the Insane Asylums in Bengal for the Year 1867 (1868) 155 Elizabeth P. W. Packard (1816–1897), The Prisoners’ Hidden Life, or Insane Asylums Unveiled (1868) 162 Brain Science, Nerves, and Clinical Psychiatry Nelson Sizer (1812–1897), Forty Years in Phrenology: Embracing Recollections of History, Anecdote, and Experience (1891) 168 George Miller Beard (1839–1883), Cases of Hysteria, Neurasthenia, Spinal Irritation, or Allied Affections (1874) 175 Auguste Tamburini (1848–1919), “A Theory of Hallucinations” (1881) 179 Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902), Psychopathia Sexualis (1892) 184 viii — Contents Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893), “A Tuesday Lesson: Hysteroepilepsy” (1888) 193 Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), “About the Surveillance Ward at the Heidelberg Clinic for Lunatics” (1895) 200 Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), “The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis” (1910) 207 Vincent, “Confessions of an Agoraphobic Victim” (1919) 223 Part III The Militant Age 229 War and Neurosis Fritz Kaufmann (1875–1941), “The Systematic Cure of Complicated Psychogenic Motor Disorders Among Soldiers in One Session” (1916) 233 W.H.R. Rivers (1864–1922), “War Neurosis and Military Training” (1918) 238 The New Focus on the Body Anonymous, “Autopsychology of the Manic-Depressive” (1910) 245 Herman Lundborg (1868–1943), “The Danger of Degeneracy” (1922) 252 The Decision in Buck v. Bell (1927) 256 Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940), “The Treatment of Dementia Paralytica by Malaria Inoculation” (1927) 260 Hermann Simon (1867–1947), Active Therapy in the Lunatic Facility (1929) 271 Anonymous, “Insulin and I” (1940) 275 Walter Freeman (1895–1972) and James W. Watts (1904–1994), “Psychosurgery during 1936–1946” (1947) 283 Psychiatric Eugenics in Nazi Germany Fritz Lenz (1887–1976), Human Selection and Race Hygiene (1921) 294 Germany, “The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Ill Offspring” (14 July 1933) 299 Documents on the “T-4” and “14f13” Programs (1939–1945) 304 Contents — ix Mental Illness, Psychiatry, and Communism Thea H. (b. 1923), An Experience of Psychosis in Post–World War II Germany (1949) 312 Records in the Case of Pyotr Grigorenko (1969–1970) 317 World Psychiatric Association, “Declaration of Hawaii” (1977) 329 Antipsychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Deinstitutionalization Frantz Fanon (1925–1961), “The ‘North African Syndrome’” (1952) 333 Thomas Szasz (b. 1920), “The Myth of Mental Illness” (1960) 346 Franco Basaglia (1924–1980), “The Problem of the Incident” (1968) 352 Department of Health and Social Security, Great Britain, Better Services for the Mentally Ill (1975) 357 Part IV The Psychoboom 369 Alcoholics Anonymous (founded 1935), “The Twelve Steps” and “The Twelve Traditions” 373 Carl Rogers (1902–1987), “The Attitude and Orientation of the Counselor in Client Centered Therapy” (1949...