Cultivating Health: Los Angeles Women and Public Health Reform

Notes

163 Introduction 1. Report of Instructive District Nursing for the City of Los Angeles under the Supervision of the College Settlement (1908–1910): 9–10 (hereafter IDNR). 2. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987). 3. Martin Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); Eric H. Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities and Towns, 1780–1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 93–95; Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). 4. Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). 5. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 43. 6. By way of example, see John Duffy, The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Evelynn Maxine Hammonds, Childhood’s Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1890–1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Judith Walzer Leavitt, The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982); Howard Markel, Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). 7. See Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (New York: Free Press, 1994), and Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers. 8. See Janis Appier, The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998); Anastasia J. Christman, “The Best Laid Plans: Women’s Clubs and City Planning in Los Angeles, 1890–1930” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 2000); Sarah Deutsch, Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870–940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Maureen A. Flanagan, Seeing with Their Hearts: Chicago Women and the Vision of the Good City, 1871–1933 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002); Estelle Freedman, Maternal Justice: Miriam Van Waters and the Female Reform Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Gayle Gullet, Becoming Citizens: The Emergence and Development of the California Women’s Movement, 1880–1911 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000); Mary Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); Daphne Spain, How Women Saved the City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000). 9. See Lynne Curry, Modern Mothers in the Heartland: Gender, Health, and Progress in Illinois, 1900–1930 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999); Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935 (New York: Oxford Notes 164 Notes to Pages 3–6 University Press, 1994); Jacqueline H. Wolf, Don’t Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001). 10. Sherry Jeanne Katz, “Dual Commitments: Feminism, Socialism, and Women’s Political Activism in California, 1890–1920” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1991), 48. Regarding Edward Bellamy, see Arthur Morgan, Edward Bellamy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944); John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983). 11. Gerald Woods argues that Southern Californians’ penchant for probity stemmed from their ethnicity and religion. See Gerald Woods, “A Penchant for Probity: California Progressives and the Disreputable Pleasures,” in California Progressivism Revisited, ed. William Deverell and Tom Sitton (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 109. 12. Annual Report of the Health Department of the City of Los Angeles (1904), 17 (hereafter HDAR). 13. “Land of Sunshine” is a reference to the title of a journal produced by the infamous Charles Fletcher Lummis. The literature on Los Angeles boosterism is vast. A few that have informed my interpretation are Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Verso, 1990); William Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Lee M. A. Simpson, Selling the City: Gender, Class, and the California Growth Machine, 1880–1940 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 14. See Susan Craddock, City of Plagues: Disease, Poverty...