Latina/o Sexualities: Probing Powers, Passions, Practices, and Policies

NOTES

287 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Racialization is the process by which racial identities are produced and imposed on individuals based on phenotype, class, and socioeconomic status. Latinas and Latinos are often subject to different and conflicting racial formation systems as they experience one in their countries of origin and another in the United States. For a discussion of the racialization of Latinas and Latinos in the United States, specifically Puerto Ricans, see: Salvador Vidal-Ortiz, “On Being a White Person of Color: Using Autoethnography to Understand Puerto Rican’s Racialization,” Qualitative Sociology 27 (200): 179–203. 2. For examples of how Latinas have been racialized, exoticized, and polarized as either virgins or whores, see Maxine Baca-Zinn, “Social Science Theorizing for Latino Families in the Age of Diversity,” in Understanding Latino Families: Scholarship, Policy and Practice, ed. Ruth E. Zambrana, Douglas S. Massey, and Sally Alonzo Bell (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1995). Baca-Zinn, “Mexican American Women in the Social Sciences,” Signs 8 (1995): 259–272. Patricia Zavella, “Playing with Fire: The Gendered Construction of Chicana/Mexicana Sexuality,” in The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy, ed. Roger Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo (New York: Routledge, 1997). Patricia Zavella, “Talkin’ Sex: Chicanas and Mexicanas Theorize about Silences and Sexual Pleasures,” in Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader, ed. Gabriela Arredondo, Aida Hurtado, Norma Klahn, and Olga Nájera-Ramirez (Durham : Duke University Press, 2003). Rosa Linda Fregoso, MeXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). Clara E. Rodriguez, ed., Latino Looks: Images of Latinas and Latinos in the U.S. Media (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997). 3. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (New York: Routledge, 200), 27. . Frances Negrón-Muntaner, Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture (New York: NYU Press, 200). 5. A. Rolando Andrade, “Machismo: A Universal Malady,” Journal of American Culture 15 (1992): 33–1. Yolanda DeYoung and Edward F. Ziegler, “Machismo in Two Cultures: Relation to Punitive Child-Rearing Practices,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 6 (199): 386–395. Alfredo Mirande, Hombres y Machos: Masculinity in Latino Culture (Boulder , Colo.: Westview Press, 1997). Rafael L. Ramírez, What It Means to Be a Man: Reflections on Puerto Rican Masculinity (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1999). 6. For a complete analysis of the representations of Latina/o sexualities in popular culture , see Chapter 8 of this volume. Also for an analysis of how the sexualities of black men are represented in popular culture, see Collins, Black Sexual Politics. 288 NOTES TO PAGES 2–5 7. See http://rickymartinfoundation.org. 8. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “The Hispanic Population in the United States: Population Characteristics” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). U.S. Bureau of the Census, “The Hispanic Population: Census 2000 Brief” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). 9. Marysol W. Asencio, Sex and Sexuality among New York’s Puerto Rican Youth (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002). Ruth E. Zambrana, ed., Understanding Latino Families: Scholarship, Policy, and Practice (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1995). Vicki Ruiz, “Morena/o, Blanca/o y Café con Leche: Racial Constructions in Chicana/o Historiography,” Mexican Studies 20 (200): 33–359. Margarita B. Melville, “Hispanics: Race, Class, or Ethnicity?” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16 (1988): 67–83. 10. In the last couple of decades, the following have participated in the debates about the meaning and usage of these terms: Marilyn Aguirre-Molina and Carlos Molina, “Latino Populations: Who Are They?” in Latino Health in the U.S.: A Growing Challenge , ed. Aguirre-Molina and Molina (Washington D.C.: American Public Health Association, 199); Geoffrey Fox, Hispanic Nation: Culture, Politics, and the Construction of Identity (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996); David E. Hayes-Bautista and Jorge Chapa, “Latino Terminology: Conceptual Bases for Standardized Terminology,” American Journal of Public Health 77 (1987): 61–68; Melville, “Hispanics: Race, Class or Ethnicity?”; Rogelio Saenz, Latinos and the Changing Face of America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Population Reference Bureau, 200); Fernando M. Treviño, “Standardized Terminology for Hispanic Populations,” American Journal of Public Health 77 (1987): 69–72; Alfred Yankauer, “Hispanic/Latino—What’s in a Name?” American Journal of Public Health 77 (1987): 15–17; and Lillian Comas-Diaz, “Hispanics , Latinos, or Americanos: The Evolution of Identity,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 7 (2001): 115–120. 11...