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285 Index abortion, 63, 71–72 Ahern, Bertie, 71 Algeria,Algerians, 20, 23–28, 30–33, 35, 39, 42n10 “America bashing,” 238 American Dream, 184, 191, 202 amnesty, 4, 33, 47, 113, 239 Amnesty International, 73 an ju le ye (establishing home and business ), 184–186, 193, 202 Annan, Kofi, 167–168 Anthias, Floya, 67 anti-Communism, 15, 89, 91, 94–95, 140. See also Communism anti-immigrant, anti-immigration sentiments, 14, 142n3, 173, 231–233, 239–240 antiracism, 29, 38, 144–151, 153–154, 156–160, 178. See also racism apathy, 26, 202, 237 Appadurai,Arjun, 3, 12 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 164–167, 170–171, 174–178 assimilation, 5, 9, 57, 80, 202, 205, 221. See also neoassimilationism associations, 15, 33, 40, 81, 95, 99, 101, 110, 125, 144–146, 148, 150, 195; immigrant , 13–16, 33, 34, 93, 100–101, 117, 136, 149–151, 153–154, 156, 158–160, 173–174 asylum, 5, 28, 30, 62, 64–69, 72–74, 212; applications, 64–65; policy, 62, 66; seekers, 60–69, 71–76, 104, 108, 114, 209–210, 213, 220, 223, 251 Australia, 27 Bakker, Matt, 172–173 Balibar, Étienne, 2, 8, 25, 27, 45 Barth, Frederic, 133 Bastille, 20, 38 Bauman, Gerd, 15 Bazin, Marc, 167 belonging, 2, 7, 10, 16, 19–21, 25–26, 31, 54–55, 57, 60, 62–63, 67–68, 74, 76, 78, 81, 86, 90, 92, 94, 125, 138, 141, 144–145, 159, 178, 203, 205, 208, 222–223, 245, 247, 249 Berber cultural activism, 25, 32 Berber Cultural Movement (MCB), 34–35 Bermúdez,AndrésViramontes (The Tomato King), 162, 171–173, 179 Beur Movement, 30, 42n9, 42n11, 150, 153, 157–158 bipartisan politics, 238 Bloemraad, Irene, 17n2 Boca Raton government, 175–177 border control, 1, 54, 70, 95, 206 born-again Christian. See Evangelical Christians boundaries, 8, 11, 84, 95, 100, 133, 141 boundary maintenance, 44–50, 56–57, 59n6, 132–134 Bourdieu, Pierre, 10, 84–86, 145, 156, 225n2 286 Index Bousquet, Gisèle L., 15 Bouteflika,Abdelaziz, 33 brain drain, 190, 202 Brettell, Caroline, 3, 7, 182 Brubaker, Rogers, 2 Brutus, Philip, 163 Bush, George H.W., 176 Bush, George W., 167–168, 170, 176, 219–221, 225n13, 228, 235 Bush, Jeb, 175–176 Caglar,Ayse, 12, 25, 181 cailleras (gangstas), 37, 40 Castles, Stephen, 2–3 Celestin, Joseph, 163, 180n2 Celtic Tiger economy, 64 Chavez, Leo, 78 Chen case, 68 Chinese-American mayors, 197 Chirac, Jacques, 24, 31 Christian Coalition, 220 cities, 12–14, 26, 29, 30, 35, 159, 218, 251 citizenship, 1–2, 20, 25–26, 32, 34, 39, 43, 76, 111, 125, 138–139, 141, 144, 181, 202, 208, 244, 247, 250–251; bene fits/rights of, 2, 6–7, 12, 27, 29, 32, 41, 54, 57, 61, 68, 203, 205; dual, 4–6, 101, 162, 165–168, 172, 178, 200, 206, 246–247; duties/obligations of, 2, 7, 32, 41, 57, 61, 203; European (EU), 7, 9, 21, 27, 43–45, 55–58, 70, 125–126, 136, 138, 140; exemplary, 241; French, 25, 28–29, 159; Haitian, 162, 165–171, 174, 177–178; horizontal aspects, 9, 182, 213, 216; Irish, 60, 62–65, 67, 69–70, 73, 76; Italian, 43, 56; Mexican, 172; vs. nationality, 8–9, 45, 55–56, 58; non-European , 45, 71; racialized, 6, 20, 25–32; second-class, 20, 31, 80; vertical aspects, 9, 182, 213; U. S., 5–7, 21, 81, 182, 185, 187, 193, 200–201, 228, 246. See also citizenship laws citizenship, definitions of, 2–3, 5–6, 45, 54, 55, 101, 166, 203 citizenship, models of, 5, 9–12, 41; active , 1; additive, 7; cultural, 9–10, 20, 62, 80, 181, 183, 201, 204–205, 208, 217–218; cultural vs. political, 56–57, 204–205; diasporic, 10–11; differentiated , 9; flexible, 10–11, 181, 184; legal, 1–3, 7, 10–11, 20, 27, 181, 205–206, 208, 219, 222–223, 244, 246–247, 250; multicultural, 9, 184, 201–202; participatory, 2, 17n2, 79; postnational, 126, 141; pragmatic, 7; social, 12, 32, 181–182, 203, 205–208, 213–214, 217–219, 223–224, 244, 250; substantive , 3, 11; transborder, 11–12, 101, 162, 165, 170, 177, 179, 206–207; transnational, 10–12, 125, 135–136, 138, 141, 181, 183–184, 206; vernacular , 10, 80, 95 citizenship, practices of, 7, 11–13, 16, 80, 182, 204, 206 citizenship laws, 5, 62, 67, 175, 179, 246; of Britain, 8, 71; of the European Union, 4, 7–8, 68...

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