U.S.- China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural Relations, 1905-1950

Notes

217 Notes Introduction 1. Chen Jian, “Sino-American Relations Studies in China,” in Pacific Passage: The Study of American–East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century, ed. Warren I. Cohen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 28. 2. Akira Iriye, “Americanization of East Asia: Writings on Cultural Affairs since 1900,” in New Frontiers in American–East Asian Relations: Essays Presented to Dorothy Borg, ed. Warren I. Cohen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 45; William C. Kirby, “Sino-American Relations in Comparative Perspective, 1900–1949,” in Cohen, Pacific Passage, 173. 3. William Purvience Fenn, Christian Higher Education in Changing China, 1880–1950 (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1976); Jessie Gregory Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges: 1850–1950 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971); Warren I. Cohen, The Chinese Connection: Roger S. Green, Thomas W. Lamont, George E. Sokolsky and American–East Asian Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978); Mary Brown Bullock, An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Peter Buck, American Science and Modern China, 1876–1936 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Weili Ye, Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001); Glen Peterson, Ruth Hayhoe, and Yongling Lu, Education, Culture , and Identity in Twentieth-Century China (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001). 4. Wilma Fairbank, America’s Cultural Experiments in China, 1942–1949 (Washington , DC: Government Printing Office, 1976). 5. Akira Iriye, China and Japan in the Global Setting (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 4. 6. William J. Reese, American Public Schools: From the Common School to “No Child Left Behind” (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 11–47. 7. Peng Deng, Private Education in Modern China (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 1–18. 8. For detailed discussion of the definition and function of “hard power” and “soft power,” please see Joseph Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 1–11. 9. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957: A Statistical Abstract Supplement (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1960), 210–211. Chapter 1 Emerging as Facilitator 1. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, 6th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 142. 2. Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of United States’ Policy in the Far East in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1963), 49. 3. Foster R. Dulles, The Old China Trade (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 20–21. 4. Li Dingyi, A History of Early U.S.-China Diplomacy (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe , 1997), 53–58; Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia, 87–88. 5. Li, A History, 31. 6. Samuel Shaw, The Journal of Major Samuel Shaw (Boston: William Crisby and H. P. Nichols, 1971), 1–10. 7. Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia, 63. 8. Ibid., 75–77. 9. Murray A. Rubinstein, The Origins of the Anglo-American Missionary Enterprise in China, 1807–1840 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996), 196–206. 10. Ibid., 65–69; E. A. Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labors of Robert Morrison (London, 1849), 1:106. 11. Clifton Jackson Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810–1860 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 20–32. 12. Rubinstein, The Origins, 220–221. 13. Ibid., 221; Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia, 110. 14. Rubinstein, The Origins, 285–287; George H. Danton, The Culture Contacts of the United States and China: The Earliest Sino-American Culture Contacts, 1784–1844 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 34–37; Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christian Missions in China (New York: Macmillan, 1929), 217–218. 15. Eliza Gillet Bridgman, The Pioneer of American Missions in China: The Life and Labors of Elijah Coleman Bridgman (New York: Anson D. F. Randolph, 1864), 22–23. 16. Rubinstein, The Origins, 288–291. 17. David Abeel, Journal of a Residence in China and the Neighboring Countries, from 1829–1833 (New York: Leavitt, Lord & Co., 1834), 141–142. 18. Rubinstein, The Origins, 301–305. 19. Bridgman to Anderson, July 14, 1834, quoted in Rubinstein, The Origins, 309. 20. Frederick Wells Williams, Life and Letters of Dr. S. Wells Williams (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889), 328. 21. Xiong Yuezhi, The Dissemination of Western Learning...