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Notes
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213 1. Introduction . New York v. Wesley [and Bailey], Misc.d (); Ricki Lewis, “DNA Fingerprints : Witness for the Prosecution,” Discover, June , –; Jean L. Marx, “DNA Fingerprinting Takes the Witness Stand,” Science (): –; Debra Cassens Moss, “DNA—The New Fingerprints,” ABA Journal (May ): –. . U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Combined DNA Index System, “Measuring Success,” http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/success.htm, April 2007. . Barry Scheck, Peter J. Neufeld, and Jim Dwyer, Actual Innocence: Five Days to Execution and Other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted (New York: Doubleday, ), . . Attorney General John Ashcroft,“Attorney General Ashcroft Announces DNA Initiatives ,” U.S. Department of Justice, March , http://www.usdoj.gov/archive/ag/ speeches//newsconferncednainitiative.htm. . Diane Cardwell,“New York State Draws Nearer to Collecting DNA in All Crimes, Big and Small,” New York Times, May . . Ibid. . The Innocence Project,“About the Innocence Project,” Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, http://www.innocenceproject.org/about/index.php. . For more information on DNAPrint Genomics, see DNA Print Genomics,“Forensics,” http://www.dnaprint.com/welcome/productsandservices/forensics/. . For information on this case, see: Arlington National Cemetery, “The Vietnam Unknown Controversy,” http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/vietnam.htm. . Michael Lynch,“God’s Signature: DNA Profiling, the New Gold Standard in Forensic Science,” Endeavour , no. (): –. . Simon Cole,“Grandfathering Evidence: Fingerprint Admissibility Rulings from Jennings to Llera Plaza and Back Again,”American Criminal Law Review (): –. . Michael Saks and Jonathan Koehler,“The Coming Paradigm Shift in Forensic Identi fication Science,” Science , no. (): –. . For the most developed versions of the “culture clash” thesis, see Marcia Angell, Science on Trial: The Clash of Medical Evidence and the Law in the Breast Implant Case (New York: W. W. Norton, ); Steven Goldberg, Culture Clash: Law and Science in America Notes Notes.qxd 6/28/07 10:12 AM Page 213 (New York: New York University Press, ); and Lee Loevinger, “Law and Science as Rival Systems,” University of Florida Law Review (): –. . Simon Cole points out that the same phenomenon can be seen in the context of fingerprinting . See Simon Cole, “More Than Zero: Accounting for Error in Latent Fingerprint Identification,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , no. (): –. . Office of the Independent Investigator for the Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory and Property Room,“Independent Investigator Issues Fifth Report on Houston Police Department Crime Lab,” May , http://www.hpdlabinvestigation.org/ pressrelease/pressrelease.pdf. 2. Science for Hire . “Quantum Chemical Corp Reports Earnings for Qtr to Dec ,” New York Times, January , http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res⫽EEFDEBC DFBEEA; and Cellmark Diagnostics, DNA Fingerprinting (Germantown, MD, ), reprinted in U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitution, DNA Identification, st Cong., st sess., , –. . This case received a great deal of attention in the British media. The details of the case were reported on in various newspapers, including Brian Silcock, “Genes Tell Tales,” Sunday Times, November , , and Andrew Veitch, “Son Rejoins Mother as Genetic Test Ends Immigration Dispute/Ghanian Boy Allowed to Join Family In Britain,”Guardian, October . . Veitch,“Son Rejoins Mother.” . Ibid. . Sheona York, e-mail to author, November . . It should be noted that just because we do not yet know the function of so-called junk DNA does not mean that it serves no purpose. . Restriction enzymes are thought to play a crucial role in the immune response of bacteria to foreign organisms. . For an excellent overview of this process, see Lorne T. Kirby, DNA Fingerprinting: An Introduction (NewYork: Stockton Press, ). The process is named after its creator, E. M. Southern. He originally described the entire procedure in E. M. Southern, “Detection of Specific Sequences among DNA Fragments Separated by Gel Electrophoresis,” Journal of Molecular Biology , no. (): –. . A[lec] J. Jeffreys, V[ictoria] Wilson, and S[wee] L[ay] Thein, “Hypervariable ‘Minisatellite ’ Regions in Human DNA,” Nature , no. (): –. . Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson, Swee Lay Thein, “Individual-Specific ‘Fingerprints’ of Human DNA,” Nature , no. (): –. . Michael Lynch,“God’s Signature: DNA Profiling, The New Gold Standard in Forensic Science,” Endeavour (): –. . “DNA Fingerprinting: DNA Probes Control Immigration,” Nature (): . . Robert Walgate,“Futures: You and Nobody Else: Focus on the Technique of Genetic Fingerprinting,” Guardian, November . . Alec Jeffreys, interview with Michael Lynch, August , lines –, O.J. Simpson Murder Trial Papers and DNA Typing Archive, #//, Division of Rare and Manuscripts Collections, Cornell University Library (hereafter cited as Simpson MSS), Box , Folder . . Unfortunately, legal records only need to be kept for six years in the United Kingdom, so I was unable to track down any information...