Negras in Brazil: Re-envisioning Black Women, Citizenship, and the Politics of Identity

INDEX

219 INDEX abertura (political opening), ,  abolition, – activism: and class cleavages, –; and color classification, –; discursive importance of, –; narratives, –, ; non-activists, views of, – ; and sterilization, ; and subject formation, , , ; suppression of, –; and time commitments, –. See also black women’s movement advertisements: employment ads and “good appearance,” –; in Raça Brasil , –; United Colors of Benetton campaign, – aesthetic standards. See beauty ideals affirmative action, –, n African Americans, –,  Afro-Brazilian, as term, – afro-descendente subclassification,  agency and resistant subjectivities,  alem-raça (beyond race, or metarace),  alterity, racial: and “Look at Her Hair,” –; narratives, ; in personal relationships , ; and physical body and the body politic,  Althusser, Louis, n Alto Vera Cruz, Belo Horizonte, –, – Alves, Míriam,  amas de leite (wet nurses): Camara on, ; Freyre on, ; and slavery, –; and United Colors of Benetton ad campaign, – Anderson, Mark,  Andrews, George Reid, – animalizing representations, , , n Anthias, Floya, n anthropology: Boasian, –, , n; and colonialism, xx–xxi; diasporic anthropologists, xxi–xxii; and positionality , xiv–xv anti-black aesthetic standards, , –. See also beauty ideals antiracism, official: Freyre and, –, ; progressive antiracism and, , n. See also racial democracy antiracist activism. See activism Articulação de ONGs de Mulheres Negras Brasileiras (Network of Black Brazilian Women’s Organizations), n assumir (assumption of political identity), , . See also negra/negro assumida/ assumido (self-identified black) authoritarianism, social and political, . See also military dictatorship and authoritarian rule Azerêdo, Sandra, n “bad hair” (cabelo ruim), – Bahia, , n Bairros, Luiza, , –, ,  banalizaram, , n Banks, Ingrid, n Bannerji, Himani,  beauty ideals: anti-black aesthetic standards , –; and “good appearance,” ; and Raça Brasil (magazine), –; resistance, ; and subject formation, –; white, Eurocentric standard, , . See also bodies; hair Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: Alto Vera Cruz, –, –; City Council, ; domestic workers’ organization in, ; fieldwork in, xvi; overview of, – belonging, places of, –,  Benmayor, Rina, , n, n Bento, Maria Aparecida Silva,  Bethell, Leslie, ,  Biko, Steve,  black, as term, – black globalization, , n black mothers (mães pretas and mães negras), , – black movement (movimento negro): and antiracist mobilization, ; class cleavages in, –; and gender politics, –; and government admission of black movement (movimento negro) (continued) racism, ; and non-activists, –; and political and cultural change,  blackness: and activists vs. non-activists, ; anti-blackness, –; difference signified by, ; encouraged identification with, –; Raça Brasil (magazine) and, –, n; racial identity as acceptance of, ; reconstruction of, –; selective valorization of, . See also subjectivity and subject formation Black Women’s Commission, CECF,  black women’s movement: black movement and gender politics, –; and collective political identity, –; and domestic workers, ; emergence of, –; feminist movement and race issues, –, ; First National Encounter of the Black Woman (), –; and identity politics, –; National Meeting of Black Women (), –; National Seminar on Black Women’s Reproductive Rights and Policies (), –; non-activists, views of, –; and unity and diversity , – boa aparência (good appearance), – Boas, Franz, –, , n bodies: diasporic body politics, –; and difference, alterity, and citizenship, –; features as sexual vs. beautiful, ; “good appearance,” –; hiding, ; as incubators of miscegenation, – ; in “Look at Her Hair” (song), –; mulata dance shows and sexual tourism , –; and Raça Brasil (magazine), –; and racial outing, ; sexual commodification, ; sexual exploitation , –, –, –; as signifiers of difference, ; and subject formation, –. See also beauty ideals; hair; sexualized identities and images Bourdieu, Pierre, xix–xx Braga-Pinto, César, n branco (white classification) and “passing into white,”  Braxton, Toni,  Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP), n Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB or Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro), – brincadeiras (jokes), –,  Brown, Jacqueline, , n bunda (buttocks), – Burdick, John, –, , , n cabelo black, – cabelo ruim (“bad hair”), – cabelos crespos. See hair Camara, Dom Helder,  capoeira (martial art), n Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, , –, n Carneiro, Sueli, , ,  Casa Grande e Sensala (The Masters and the Slaves) (Freyre), , , , , nn–, n Castro, Célio,  Castro, Flávia Viveiros de,  Castro, Mary Garcia,  catinga (body odor), , , n CEAP (Centro de Articulação de Popula- ções Marginalizados) (Center for the Articulation of Marginalized Populations ),  CEBRAP (Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning), n CECF (Conselho Estadual da Condição Feminina) (Council on the Feminine Condition),  census, Brazilian, , –, n, nn– Center for the Articulation of Marginalized Populations (Centro de Articulação de Populações Marginalizados or CEAP),  citizenship (cidadania): autonomy and claiming of, –; and constitutional process, –; cultural, –, , – , n, n; and domestic workers, –; and hair, politics of, –; importance in Brazil, ; narrative (Maria Ilma), , –, –; narrative (Valdete), , –; new, –, ; overview, –; widespread use of term, n civilization and whitening ideology,  class, , – Coletivo de Mulheres Negras de São Paulo (Black Women’s Collective of São Paulo),  collective action. See activism; black women ’s movement Collins, Patricia Hill, –, , n, n Collor de Mello, Fernando, ,  colocação (placement), , n. See also...