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Notes 171 INTRODUCTION 1. On efficiency measures in the petroleum industry, see Hugh S. Gorman, Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the US Petroleum Industry (Akron: University of Akron Press, 2001). 2. Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1969). 3. Suellen M. Hoy and Michael C. Robinson’s Recovering the Past: A Handbook of Community Recycling Programs, 1890–1945 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979) gives an excellent overview of community collection efforts dating from Salvation Army charity drives in the midnineteenth century to World War II scrap drives coordinated by the federal government. 4. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1966), 36. 5. Michael Thompson, Rubbish Theory: The Creation and Destruction of Value (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 48. 6. Suellen Hoy, Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). 7. Stuart Chase, The Tragedy of Waste (New York: Macmillan Co., 1927). On the rise of managed corporations, see Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977). 8. Roger D. Waldinger, Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York’s Garment Trades (New York: New York University Press, 1986); Roger Waldinger, Howard Aldrich, Robin Ward, et al., Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990); Ivan Light and Steven J. Gold, Ethnic Economies (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000). Middleman minority studies include Edna Bonacich, “Middleman Minorities and Advanced Capitalism,” Ethnic Groups 2 (1980): 211–19; Walter P. Zenner, “Introduction: Symposium on Economics and Ethnicity: The Case of the Middleman Minorities ,” Ethnic Groups 2 (1980): 185–87. 9. Philip B. Scranton, Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 355. 10. David Naguib Pellow’s case study on recycling centers in Chicago highlights these environmental inequalities. David Naguib Pellow, Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002). 11. See Craig McMillan Richmond, “Simulating Differences in Ferrous Scrap Prices Over Geographic Space Using the Logistic Model of Choice for Differentiated Products” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1997), for an econometric study of ferrous scrap markets. 12. Jennifer Carless, Taking out the Trash: A No-Nonsense Guide to Recycling (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1992); Debi Kimball, Recycling in America: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1992); Adam S. Weinberg, David N. Pellow, and Allan Schnaiberg, Urban Recycling and the Search for Sustainable Community Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). 13. John Tierney, “Recycling Is Garbage,” New York Times Magazine, 30 June 1996, 24–29, 44, 48–49, 53. 14. Martin V. Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 413. 15. William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 203. 16. David T. Allen and Nasrin Behmanesh, “Wastes as Raw Materials,” in The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems, ed. Braden R. Allenby and Deanna J. Richards (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994), 69–89. 17. Christine Meisner Rosen, “Industrial Ecology and the Greening of Business History,” Business and Economic History 26 (fall 1997): 123–37; Pierre Desrouchers, “Market Processes and the Closing of ‘Industrial Loops’: A Historical Reappraisal,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 4, no. 1 (winter 2000): 29–43. 18. George H. Thurston, Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year (Pittsburgh : A. A. Anderson & Son, 1876), 185. 19. Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999), 12–16; Hoy, Chasing Dirt. Christine Stansell, Eric Schneider, and David Nasaw have examined scavenging as a strategy of impoverished urban women and children. David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and at Play (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1985); Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789– 1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987); Eric Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s–1930s (New York: New York University Press, 1992). 20. Martin V. Melosi, Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and the Environment , 1880–1980 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1981); Melosi, The Sanitary City; Joel A. Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective (Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 1996). 172 N O T E S T O...