The Death of a Disease: A History of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis

Notes

149 Notes 1 The Last Victims 1. Genetic analysis of the virus responsible for a case of polio identified on September 17, 2002, revealed that this virus had been imported from Nigeria. 2 A Lifetime Burden 1. L’interactif, no. 2, June 1998 (Handicap International and Action Nord Sud newsletter). 3 A Virus with a Long History 1. John R. Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 15. 4 The People versus Polio 1. Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis, pp. 190–196. 2. Christopher J. Rutty, “‘Do Something . . . Do Anything!’: Poliomyelitis in Canada, 1927–1962” (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, Department of History, 1995). See also Mr. Rutty’s website, www.healthheritageresearch.com. 3. Jane S. Smith, Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine (New York: William Morrow, 1990). This and subsequent chapters owe a great deal to Ms. Smith’s excellent book. 4. Ibid., p. 51. 5. Ibid., p. 50. 6. Ibid., pp. 50–89 (through the end of this chapter). 6 Coming Along at the Right Time: Jonas Salk 1. Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis, pp. 257–260. 2. Ibid., pp. 233–235. 150 Notes to Pages 47–69 3. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 126. 4. Ibid., p. 125. 5. Ibid., p. 120. 6. Robert D. Defries, The First Forty Years (1914–1955): Connaught Medical Research Laboratories (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), p. 281. 7. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 127. 8. John A. Beale, “The Development of IPV,” in Vaccinia, Vaccination and Vaccinology: Jenner, Pasteur, and Their Successors, ed. S. Plotkin and B. Fantini (Paris: Editions Elsevier, 1996), p. 221. 9. Roger Vaughan, Listen to the Music: The Life of Hilary Koprowski (New York: Springer, 2000), p. 48. 10. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 216. 11. Ibid., p. 199. 7 Behind the Scenes 1. Time, March 29, 1954, p. 60. Canadian edition. 2. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” p. 296. 3. Quotations from Frank Shimada, employed by the Connaught Laboratories from 1949 to 1988, are taken from an interview conducted by Mary Shaffer in July 2000 in Toronto. 4. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” p. 304. 5. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 236. 6. Defries, The First Forty Years, pp. 239–241, 271. 7. Ibid., p. 272. 8. Paul A. Bator, with A. Rhodes, Within Reach of Everyone: A History of the University of Toronto School of Hygiene and the Connaught Laboratories, vol. 1, 1927 to 1955 (The Canadian Public Health Association, 1990), p. 176. 9. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” pp. 299–300. 10. Paul A. Bator, Within Reach of Everyone: A History of the University of Toronto School of Hygiene and Connaught Laboratories Limited, vol. 2, 1955 to 1975 (The Canadian Public Health Association , 1995), p. 93. 11. Defries, The First Forty Years, pp. 272–273. 12. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” p. 309. 13. Bator, Within Reach of Everyone, 1:175–176. 14. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” p. 315. 15. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 251. 16. Rutty, “Poliomyelitis in Canada,” p. 195. 8 The Largest Medical Experiment in History 1. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 233. 2. Ibid., pp. 256–258. Notes to Pages 69–136 151 3. Richard Carter, The Gentle Legions (New York: Doubleday, 1961), p. 133. 4. “Conquering the dreaded crippler, polio,” The Detroit News web site: Rearview Mirror. http://detnews.com. 5. Smith, Patenting the Sun, p. 322. 6. Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis, pp. 432–433. 7. Ibid., pp. 436–438. 8. Defries, The First Forty Years, p. 280. 9 The Race for an Oral Vaccine 1. Hilary Koprowski, “Histoire alternative du vaccine oral,” in L’aventure de la vaccination, under the direction of Anne-Marie Moulin (Paris: Fayard, 1996). 2. Vaughan, Listen to the Music, p. 51. 3. Ibid., pp. 51–56. 4. Bernard Seytre, Sida: les secrets d’une polémique (Paris: PUF, 1993); Bernard Seytre, Histoire de la recherche sur le sida (Paris: PUF, 1995). 5. Mentioned by John Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis. 6. Mentioned by John Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis. 7. Vaughan, Listen to the Music, p. 75. 8. Saul Benison, Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968), p. 152. 9. M. P. Chumakov et al., Some Results of the Work on Mass Immunization in the Soviet Union with Live Poliovirus Vaccine Prepared from Sabin Strains (World Health Organization, 1961). 10. Charles Mérieux, Virus...