Language and Human Understanding

Subject Index

Subject Index absolutive case, 500–501, 518, 522, 584. See also accusative case; ergative languages abstractions/abstract entities/types: in Aristotle, 421–22; collections, 420; events/situations corresponding to statements, 539–47; interpretations of terms, 12–13, 166, 193, 420, 424; Plato’s universals corresponding to predicates, 384n41, 538–43; reality of in Grice’s theory of meaning, 217-18. See also collections; events; paralinguistic objects; particularity; Platonism; universals abstract subject-matters, 43, 46, 47, 125, 129, 139, 143, 193n49, 266, 273, 400, 412, 414, 493, 507, 516, 524. See also topic-neutrality Accessibility Hierarchy, 616–17 accusative case, 521, 522, 528, 554–55, 565, 575; default for object in nominative/accusative languages, 488, 496, 499, 521–24, 526–27, 584, 587, 732; ergative languages contrasted, 500–501, 518; term “object” ambiguous, 519–27 acts of judgment and understanding: expressed not embodied, 20–21, 67, 396, 751, 753; materially isomorphic representation impossible, 20, 213, 384–85, 387–89, 390–92, 393–94, 396; realization not in brain and not requiring natural expression, 67, 753; simplicity of intellectual acts, 385–86, 394– 95; transcendence of the body, 3, 20–21, 67, 753. See also computer simulation; intellect actualilties distinguished from facts, 567–68 Actualilty: as a thematic role, 580 adjectives and adjectival phrases, 43, 48, 116, 118, 119, 155, 421, 422–23, 530, 539, 551–52, 592, 621, 650, 655, 659–60, 678–79, 706, 709, 715–24, 727; and agreement, 596; as attributes, 692–93; eager/easy contrast, 691n56, 699; underlie modal expressions, 33, 661. See also adverbs adjunct/complement distinction, 429, 553, 576, 646, 652–54. See also adverbial clauses; adverbs adpositions. See prepositions and other adpositions; postpositions adverbial clauses: absolute participial phrases, 26–27, 534, 698–99; as adjuncts to clauses, 534, 601–3; applied de re or de dicto, 703; six kinds of nonconditional, 675. See also conditional statements; spatial clauses and phrases adverbial expressions, 649, 651, 665–66, 678– 79; introducing peripheral arguments, 511, 518, 576, 646n6; kinds of, 675–77; in Theme position, 742; treatment in X-Bar theory, 678–79, 723–24, 727–29, 731, 737. See also adverbial clauses; adverbs adverbs, 60, 87, 119, 399, 445, 488; cannot have adjuncts, 722; chains of, 648, 720–22; kinds of, 581, 675–77; prepositions in diachronic relations with, 583, 585–87; relation to adjectives, 414, 534–35, 539, 549–50, 654n17, 660, 663, 709, 717–22; when adjunctive to clause, 581, 632, 668; when parts of verb expression, 496, 528, 614n73, 662, 682; when pronominal, 505, 517 agglutinative languages, 2n1, 94n22, 115, 118n7, 120, 153, 155–57, 605, 639, 746 analogy, xiii, xv, 8, 122–23; extrinisic analogy, 123, 131; formal analogy, 8, 93, 124–27, 128, 129; 130; intrinsic analogy, 122–23, 127, 129, 130–31, 143 anaphor, 61n109, 63, 489, 507, 575, 600–612. See also pragmatic anaphor; reference 783 784  subject index animal communication systems: area of ignorance, 3n, 242; chimpanzees, 241–42; sublinguistic, 233–34, 237n28 anomalous monism, 378. See also theories of human nature anti-realism: as repudiation of metaphysical, 377–78 “any” and “a certain” statements: “a certain” expressing definiteness, 628; “any” expressing indiscriminateness, 626–28; correspond with free variable formulae in formal logic, 627–28 applicatives, 413, 418, 421, 429, 653. See also determiners; predicate application controller; quantifier Argument: logical term derived from mathematics, 87, 136, 161, 290, 406n9, 418, 422, 429–30, 433–34, 438, 487–93; uses in logic and grammar in family relationship, 494–98 aspect of verbs: auxiliaries of aspect, 666; indication of posture of state or act in time, 38, 40, 62, 63, 197, 222–23, 411, 432, 453n13, 479n71, 580n31, 603–4, 645n5, 646, 648, 651, 653, 657–58, 661, 662, 749 atomism: Aristotelian and other objections to, 51–52, 205–6, 219, 227, 263, 307n16, 316–18 attributive statements, 93, 129, 412n27, 414–15, 420–23, 494, 500, 508, 524–25, 580, 596, 621, 654, 660–63, 665; expressed using the copula, 571–73, 692–95, 705, 707, 714 autonomy of grammar, 14, 16, 37, 43, 60-61, 203, 206, 207, 581, 609–10, 635–37, 706, 731, 733, 736, 747, 748; as discussed by Newmeyer, 14–15n17 autonomy of human intellectual operation, 1, 2, 18–19, 20–21; made possible by malleability of the brain, 360–65, 394–96; metaphor of intellect in command, 20, 21, 128, 399, 751–53 auxiliaries of time, aspect, and structure: “be” expressing continuous action, 115, 222; “be” and “have” expressing perfect, 115, 222, 521n49...