The American Presence in Ulster

Cover

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Title Page, Copyright

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CONTENTS

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pp. v-

Preface

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pp. vii-xi

This book is a history of the United States consulate in Belfast. It is also a history of the American presence in Ulster and Northern Ireland for the past two hundred years. The two stories are intertwined, inasmuch as the consulate was opened in Belfast in 1796 because of the important connections...

1. BRIDGES to AMERICA

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pp. 1-20

“Three years ago, I pledged that if you chose peace Americans would walk with you,” President Bill Clinton told a cheering audience at Armagh at the close of an exhausting day in September 1998. “You made the choice, and America will...

2. FOUNDING the UNITED STATES CONSULATE

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pp. 21-44

In the turbulent last decade of the eighteenth century the United States opened a consulate in Belfast. In those years consulates differed from embassies in several fundamental ways, and indeed until the twentieth century the Consular...

3. FAMINE and REVIVAL

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pp. 45-61

The Great Famine proved to be the pivotal crisis in Irish history in the nineteenth century. A combination of events worked to create a highly dangerous situation across the country. The first of these circumstances was the rapid increase...

4. BELFAST and the AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

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pp. 62-84

If the famine was the great trauma for nineteenth-century Ireland, the Civil War was its equivalent for America. Recent historians have called the Civil War the American Iliad, and so it seems. The issues that provoked the war, slavery and sectionalism...

5. GILDED AGE DIPLOMACY

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pp. 85-110

The end of the Civil War meant that the consulate in Belfast no longer operated in an atmosphere of crisis that had so worried John Young. The focus of attention once again became concerns about Irish trade with the United States, the...

6. CHANGING TIMES for IRELAND

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pp. 111-133

The first half of the twentieth century saw the United States emerge as a great power. Not only did its role as an international player change, with a new emphasis on the workings of its consular and diplomatic services, but also its relations with...

7. OVER HERE: The Second World War

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pp. 134-162

The specter of war became increasingly clear as the 1930s unfolded. In the Far East, Japan and China had been in conflict, on and off, since 1930. Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia and the intervention of the Fascist powers and the Soviet Union in the...

8. PEACE and WAR

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pp. 163-185

The destruction of the Axis powers in Europe and Asia brought an end to the Second World War. The Allied powers, by tremendous efforts, and great cost to themselves, had triumphed. But the peace that followed the Second World War,...

9. The TROUBLES in NORTHERN IRELAND

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pp. 186-209

My purpose in this book is not to attempt to explain in detail the events in Northern Ireland during the thirty-some years following 1969. Many accounts of those tragic and complicated decades are available. Even a discussion of the United...

10. BRIDGES to NORTHERN IRELAND

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pp. 210-244

By the 1990s the American presence in Northern Ireland seemed stronger than at any time in the past. The completion of the Ulster American Folk Park, just outside Omagh, in the 1980s established a powerful physical reminder of the vast...

Appendixes

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pp. 245-

Appendixes A, B, and C are lists of those who represented the United States in the Consular Districts of Belfast and Londonderry. I have named the consuls and principal vice consuls and consular agents from 1796 to 1920. The post was elevated to a consulate general in 1924, with a larger professional sta...

A. Consular Appointments in Belfast

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pp. 246-247

B. Consular Appointments in Londonderry

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pp. 248-

C. Consular Appointments in the Belfast and Londonderry Consular Districts

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pp. 249-

D. American Presidents with Ulster Origins

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pp. 250-251

Sources

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pp. 253-264

Index

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pp. 265-281