Notes
259 notes Abbreviations CUoHC Columbia University oral History Collection lBJl lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential library, austin, tX loC library of Congress mlK martin luther King Jr. mlKC martin luther King Jr. Center for nonviolent Social Change, atlanta, ga WHCF White House Central Files WSHS Wisconsin State Historical Society, madison Introduction the epigraphs are from langston Hughes, The Backlash Blues (Detroit: 1967), and muhammad ali, The Greatest: My Own Story (new York: 1975), 123. 1. george H. gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935–1971, vol. 3 (new York: 1972), 1934, 1973, 1974. 2. Simon Hall’s monograph on the antiwar and civil rights movements’ failure to forge a cohesive coalition is a welcome addition to the historiography and raises a host of interesting questions. my study complements Hall’s and adds a Cold War context and a focus on the clashing egos and personalities among the civil rights leadership. i incorporated Hall’s notion of a “moderate” wing of the civil rights movement in analyzing the naaCP’s “hands-off” policy with respect to the Vietnam War. See Simon Hall, Peace and Freedom: The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s (Philadelphia: 2005). See also Simon Hall, “the Response of the moderate Wing of the Civil Rights movement to the Vietnam War,” Historical Journal 46, no. 3 (September 2003): 669–701; manfred Berg, “guns, Butter, and Civil Rights: the national association for the advancement of Colored People and the Vietnam War, 1964–1968,” in Aspects of War in American History, ed. David K. adams and Cornelis a. Van minnen (Keele, UK: 1997), 213–38; lawrence allen eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press (Columbia, mo: 2009); Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Peace Now! American Society and the Ending of the Vietnam War (new Haven, Ct: 1999); Steven F. lawson, “mixing moderation with militancy ,” in Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom 260 notes to Pages 2–4 Struggle (lexington, KY: 2003), 75–91; Benjamin t. Harrison, “impact of the Vietnam War on the Civil Rights movement in the midsixties,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 19, no. 3 (1996): 261–78; Peter levy, “Blacks and the Vietnam War,” in The Legacy: Vietnam War in the Historical Imagination, ed. D. michael Shafer (Boston: 1990), 209–32. 3. on african americans in Vietnam, see Clyde taylor, ed., Vietnam and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance (garden City, nY: 1973); Wallace terry, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (new York: 1984); Richard R. moser, The New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent during the Vietnam Era (new Brunswick, nJ: 1996), esp. chap. 3; James Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War (new York: 1997); Herman graham iii, The Brothers’Vietnam War: Black Power, Manhood, and the Military Experience (gainesville, Fl: 2003); Yvonne latty and Ron tarver, We Were There: Voices of African American Veterans from World War II to the War in Iraq (new York: 2004); John Darrel Sherwood, Black Sailor, White Navy: Racial Unrest in the Fleet during the Vietnam Era (new York: 2007); natalie Kimbrough, Equality of Discrimination? African Americans in the U.S. Military during the Vietnam War (new York: 2006); James e. Westheider, The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms (new York: 2008); Kimberley Phillips, War! What Is It Good For? (Chapel Hill, nC: 2012). 4. For interesting articles on King and Vietnam, see Herbert Shapiro, “the Vietnam War and the american Civil Rights movement,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16 (Winter 1989): 117–41; adam Fariclough, “martin luther King and the War in Vietnam,” Phylon 45, no. 1 (march 1984): 19–39; Henry Darby and margaret n. Rowley, “King on Vietnam and Beyond,” Phylon 47, no. 1 (march 1986): 43–50. See also Clayborne Carson, “King Scholarship and iconoclastic myths,” Reviews in American History 16, no. 1 (march 1988): 130–36; thomas J. noer, “martin luther King, Jr., and the Cold War,” Peace and Change 22, no. 2 (april 1997): 111–31. 5. Van gosse and other historians have noted that SnCC and CoRe were part of the New Left. See Van Gosse, “A Movement of Movements: The Definition of Periodization of the new left,” in A Companion for Post-1945 America, ed. Jean Christophe agnew and Roy Rosenzweig (malden, ma: 2002), 294. 6. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, ma: 1981), 188; SnCC news release, January 6, 1966, SnCC...
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