River of Hope: Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954

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River of Hope River of Hope Black Politics and the Memphis Freedom Movement, 1865–1954 ElizabEth GrittEr Copyright © 2014 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gritter, Elizabeth. River of hope : Black politics and the Memphis freedom movement, 1865-1954 / Elizabeth Gritter. pages cm. — (Civil rights and the struggle for Black equality in the twentieth century) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8131-4450-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8131-4475-7 (pdf : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8131-4474-0 (epub : alk. paper) 1. African Americans—Tennessee—Memphis—Politics and government—20th century. 2. African Americans—Civil rights—Tennessee—Memphis—History— 20th century. 3. Civil rights movements—Tennessee—Memphis—History—20th century. 4. Memphis (Tenn.)—Race relations—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Title: Black politics and the Memphis freedom movement, 1865-1954. F444.M59N486 2014 323.1196'0730768190904—dc23 2013048838 This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials. Manufactured in the United States of America. Member of the Association of American University Presses Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic reading devices, some elements of this ebook may not appear as they do in the print edition. Readers are encouraged to experiment with user settings for optimum results. ...