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SECTION IV. GENERIC AND SPECIES ACCOUNTS C/☤ Abies P. Mill. Fir. Family Pinaceae. (abeo ⫽ rising-one, the ancient Latin name for a tall ship or tree). Evergreen tree to 25 m tall; bark gray and smooth or with resin blisters, becoming scaly with age; needles spirally arranged but spreading in one plane; the needles flat, blunt, to 2.5 cm long, tapered to disc-like base on twig; cones to 10 cm long, the cone scales and bracts deciduous, and only the cone axis persistent into winter. A tea (good for coughs and fevers) can be made from the needles; the resin (available in bark blisters) when used as a salve or lotion has some antiseptic properties. The dried inner bark can be eaten. ! A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Fraser f. At high elevations, BR of TN, above 4500 ft (1370 m), and associating with Picea rubens to form the spruce-fir zone above 5500 ft (1680 m). A Southern Appalachian endemic, absent from KY, Threatened in TN, largely due to the combined effects of acid rain and infestations of balsam woolly adelgid (Adelgis piceae). (for John Fraser, 1750–1811, nurseryman of Chelsea, England). Plate 1. C/N/➳ Acer L. Maple. Family Aceraceae or Sapindaceae. (acris ⫽ sharp). Small to large trees, bark smooth on younger stems, scaly-furrowed when older; twigs slender, the pith continuous; terminal buds present, rounded to acute, 2–many scales; leaf scars opposite, often curved or V-shaped, touching or nearly so, with bundle scars 3 or in 3 groups; stipular scars absent; fruit a double-samara, persistent in some species. Leaf remnants simple and palmately lobed and veined in all species except A. negundo, which has compound leaves with 3–5 leaflets. Maple fruits can be eaten in emergency situations—extract the seeds from the winged samaras and cook like peas (but they are not very tasty). Sugar maple is the best species for sap production, and the sap flows best on warm sunny days after freezing nights. The dried leaves of maples, especially those of red maple, may produce toxic effects if ingested. The inner bark is a good source of fiber for cordage. 1. Terminal bud scales 2, valvate, the buds often constricted and stalked at the base; shrubs or small trees to 10 m tall. 2. Buds and twigs pubescent; terminal buds to 5 mm long, lacking a distinct stalk; bark unstriped _______ ____________________________________________________________________________ A. spicatum. 2. Buds and twigs glabrous; terminal buds to 12 mm long, distinctly stalked; bark white-striped_________ ______________________________________________________________________ A. pensylvanicum. 1. Terminal buds with 4 or more visible scales, imbricate or valvate, the buds unstalked; trees to 30 m tall. 3. Terminal buds 6–8 mm long, blunt and ovoid; sap milky; introduced species ________ A. platanoides. 3. Terminal buds to 5 mm long; sap not milky; native species. 4. Leaf scars meeting and projecting upward into a tooth reaching higher than the tips of the lateral buds; buds blunt and gray-woolly; twigs green; bark ridged and furrowed __________ A. negundo. 4. Leaf scars not completely meeting, or meeting and forming a low tooth; buds not woolly; twigs red to brown to green; bark scaly in older trees (smooth when young). 5. Buds brown to blackish, with 8 or more visible scales; buds sharp- pointed, rarely in clusters (hard maples). 6. Small to medium-sized trees of the Coastal Plain and SE TN; bark pale (white, pale brown, to gray), and twigs slender (to 2 mm thick). 7. Trunk tall and straight; bark gray and furrowed or platy _________________ A. floridanum. 7. Trunks usually multiple, shrublike; bark whitish, especially on upper trunk and limbs _______________________________________________________________ A. leucoderme. 6. Tall trees of the Appalachians and Interior Low Plateaus; bark dark (brown to dark gray), and twigs more robust (⬎ 3 mm thick) ___________________________ A. saccharum/A. nigrum. 46 ACER/AESCULUS 5. Buds orange to reddish, with 6 or fewer visible scales; buds usually blunt, and often in clusters, especially later in the winter season (soft maples). 8. Bark with rank odor when scratched; twigs usually brownish ______________A. saccharinum. 8. Bark lacking rank odor; twigs usually reddish or greenish. 9. Twigs glabrous ______________________________________________________ A. rubrum. 9. Twigs pubescent_________________________________________________ A. drummondii. A. drummondii Hook. & H.J.Arn. ex Nutt. Drummond red m. Lowlands, swamps. Chiefly in CP of KY and TN, with some records from W IP of each state. Infrequent. FACW+, OBL. (probably named in honor of Thomas Drummond, ca. 1790–1835). Plate 2. A. floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. Florida m. Stream banks...

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