Index
257 Abrams, Kelly, 103 accent. See pronunciation Adams, Sheila Kay, 174 Adamson, H. D., 102 African American speech: community of practice perspective, 75–77; language stereotyping, 113, 114; linguistic issues in Appalachia, 83–84; linguistic myths, 81–83; marginalization of, 3–4; in the Mountain South region, 81–91; outsider’s perspective on, 74; sociolinguistic diversity in, 89–91; traditional perspectives on, 83 African American students: impact of dialect on writing, 102, 103; reduction of consonant clusters, 101 against, 48 Allen, Michael, 186–87 American Voices (Wolfram and Ward), 106 Anglo-Saxon Appalachia, 3 antonyms, 99 Appalachia (Williams), 2 Appalachia: definitions and conceptualizations of, 1–3; diversity within, 25–26; European migration into, 26–27; images of, 3; isolation and, 27–28; notions of shared ethnicity, 4; outsider’s perspective on, 74; role of topography in shaping migration in, 28–29. See also coalfield Appalachia Appalachian college women: importance of language and literacy in the lives of, 125–26, 137–38; language stereotyping experienced by, 128–30; voice as identity, 128–32; voice as language, 127–30; voice as power, 132–38 Appalachian Englishes: Appalachian identity and, 4–5 (see also Appalachian identity); Amy Clark on growing up with, 110–11; community of practice perspective, 73–79; definitions and conceptualizations of, 1–3, 70–72, 74; devaluation by standard broadcast American English, 142–43; diversity within, 25–26; dynamic coexistence with standard broadcast American English, 158–59; early commentators on, 29–30; in educational contexts (see language education); Elizabethan hypothesis, 31–33, 47; ethnographic studies, 74–75; framing by sociolinguistic studies, 71–72; Jane Hicks’s reflections on speaking, 209–14; historical background, 26–30; Silas House’s reflections on speaking, 193–204; individual observations on the origins and heritage of, 30–36; isolation of communities and, 28; language and power relationships, 142, 143 (see also power); as a living link to the past, 19; marginalization of, 3–4; as a microcosm of American English, 29; negative stereotyping of, 4–5, 113– 15, 128–30; outsider’s perspective on, 74; portrayed in fiction, 30 (see also Appalachian literary dialects); presence of new terms in, 47; as a regional dialect, 71, 74; religious discourse and power, 154–57; role of shared beliefs in the identity of, 16; scholarly texts and studies, 5–6; selfdefinition of, 74; Lee Smith’s Index 258 Index Appalachian Englishes (cont.) reflections on speaking, 205–8; survey accounts of, 36–39; threats to, 16, 18–19 Appalachian identity: cultural identity studies in North Carolina, 76–77; Silas House’s reflections on, 193–204; impact of language stereotyping on, 4–5; isolation and, 27–28; selfdefinition of local vocabulary and, 74 Appalachian literary dialects: “common stock” of features in the nineteenth century, 167–70; cultural and educational importance of, 177; development of linguistic stereotypes, 171–72; George Washington Harris and, 30, 163–65, 169–71, 179–80n25; issues regarding, 164; linguistic significance, 166–71; since the 1930s, 172–77; specific techniques used in, 165–66; surveys of books and authors, 164 Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), 1, 70 Appalachian women: impact of language stereotyping on, 113–14, 128–30. See also Appalachian college women Appalachian Writers Workshop, 213–14 Appalachian Writing Project (AWP), 114–23 a-prefix: as a carrier of social meaning, 54; in the Documentary History of Dunmore’s War, 48; use in West Virginia, 57, 59–60 Arnow, Harriette Simpson, 172–73, 175–76 aspect, 59 Atlas of North American English, 70–71 auxiliary verbs, 100 backcountry, 37. See also South Midland region backwater Appalachia, 3 Barney Google and Snuffy Smith (comic strip), 30 Barton, David, 134 Beech Bottom (NC), 85–86, 89–90 belling, 41 Biggers, Jeff, 3 Biglow Papers, The (Lowell), 165, 178n7 Bonfiglio, Thomas, 82 Bradshaw, Grace, 118, 120 Braidwood, John, 35 branch, 40 Bruce, David, 44 Burns, Robert, 44 Campbell, John C., 29 Campbell, Olive Dame, 32 Carpenter, Jeannine, 87 Carson, Jo, 212 Chaucerian English, 31, 32 Cherokee language, 43 Childs, Becky, 75–76, 88, 90 Christian, Donna, 82, 96 churches: religious discourse and power, 154–57 “church ladies,” 75, 76, 90 Clay’s Quilt (House), 174–75 coalfield Appalachia: dynamic coexistence of standard and Appalachian Englishes, 158–59; language and power creation in, 142, 143; religious discourse and power, 154–57; speech directives, 148–54; symbolic systems of power, 147–54, 157–58 “code meshing,” 122 code switching: Amy Clark on, 111; using contrastive analysis, 105–6, 116–23 Cold Mountain (Frazier), 174 Coleman, Mary Joan, 185 Combs, Josiah, 33 Come...
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