Sidelined: How American Sports Challenged the Black Freedom Struggle

Index

219 Aaron, Henry, 158 Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem. See Alcindor, Lew Abright, Robert, 15, 65, 67, 68 African American athletes. See black athletes Afrocentrism, 153 Agnew, Spiro, 124 Ahmad, Omar, 36 Alcindor, Lew, 44, 45, 46 Ali, Muhammad, 19, 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 131 Amateur Sports Act, 134 Amdur, Neil, 97 Amison, Willie, 78, 80, 81 Andros, Dee, 127–28 athletes. See black athletes; white athletes athletes’ rights, 130–35 athletics. See sport Atlanta Crackers, 158 Atlanta Falcons, 158 Atlantic Coast Conference, 157 Avendorph, Julius, 7 Axthelm, Pete, 93 backlash. See white backlash Ball, Coolidge, 174 Barnes, Everett D., 93 Barnett, Ross, 162, 163 baseball, 151 basketball boycott, 44–47 Bass, Amy, 182 Battle, Bill, 170, 173, 175 Beamon, Bob, 38, 89–90, 136, 137 Bell, Bill, 80 Berkeley. See University of California, Berkeley bin Laden, Osama, 179 Black, Willie, 138, 141 “Black Athlete: A Shameful Story, The,” 83 black athletes: experiences of sports integration, 24–25, 167–72, 173– 77; historical place in U.S. sports, 3–6; responses to 1968 Olympic podium salute, 112–15; responses to NYAC boycott, 38–39; tensions between team and race loyalty of, 78, 80, 82–83, 128–29; views on 1968 Olympic boycott movement, 27–28, 31–32, 38 black athletic revolt: absence of in the South, 150–51, 158–60, 173– 77; at Berkeley, 63–69; “black fourteen” protest at University of Wyoming, 121–22, 138–47; in context of college athletics crisis, 123–30; emphasis on black manhood, 16–17, 104, 126–27; Harry Edwards and (see Edwards, Harry); influence of Black Power Movement on, 18–22, 126–27; intersection with wider white backlash, 19–22, 182–83; legacy of, 181–84; limited involvement of female athletes, 16–17; at Marquette University, 69–77; Index Page numbers in italics refer to photographs. 220 Index black athletic revolt (cont.) NCAA response to, 86–87; at Oregon State University, 127–29; origins of, 9–11; as part of wider black student protest, 81–82; protests against Brigham Young University, 136, 147; at San Jose State College, 10, 136, 147; school integration and, 23–25; societal limitations faced by, 57–59; at University of Kansas, 77–82; use of protest tactics from black freedom struggle, 11–18. See also Olympic boycott movement (1968); Olympic podium salute (1968); Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) black athletic style, 182 “black fourteen” protest, 121–22, 138–47 black freedom struggle: complexities revealed by 1968 Olympic podium salute, 108–12; emphasis on black manhood, 16–17; limitations of sport as a vehicle for, 57–59, 122– 23, 146–47; as source of protest tactics used in black athletic revolt, 11–18; white backlash against, 19–21 black manhood, 16–17, 104, 126–27 Black Panthers, 18, 133 black poverty, 109–11 Black Power: black manhood as central to, 16–17, 126–27; influence on black athletic revolt, 13, 15, 18–22, 126–27; influence on Harry Edwards’s rhetoric and actions, 28–29, 41–44; podium salute as complex expression of, 103–4, 106–10, 112; proposal to boycott Olympics, 30; protest tactics of, 11–13 Black Power Salute (documentary), 103–4 black student protests, 81–82 Black Student Union, 125 Blackwell, Waddell, 64, 67, 69 “Black Wyoming Fourteen Day,” 143 Boston, Ralph, 27–28, 38, 43, 89, 90, 94 Bradley, Bruce, 43, 116 Bradley, Stefan, 82 Bradshaw, Charlie, 170 Braun, Frank, 47 Brigham Young University, 136, 138, 147 Brown, Eddie, 149–50, 173 Brown, H. Rap, 13, 14, 37 Brown, James, 127 Brown, Willie, 9, 167–68 Brown v. Board of Education, 6, 22–23, 155 Brundage, Avery: negative attitudes toward, 31, 94, 113; response to 1968 Olympic podium salute, 99–101; on South Africa and the Olympics, 47–49; stance against Olympic protest, 92, 95; views on race, politics, and sport, 48 Bryant, Bill, 128 Bryant, Paul “Bear,” 164–65, 166, 171–72 Burke, Ed, 118 Burns, Hobart W., 147 Byers, Walter, 133 Cable, Theodore, 4 Canning, Curtis, 54, 56 Carlin, John J., 56 Carlos, John: cultural “rehabilitation” of image, 111–12; life after 1968 Olympics, 110; podium salute and, 2, 96–101; post-ceremony comments, 103; on racism in sport, 9 Index 221 Carlson, William, 139, 142 Carmichael, Stokely, 11, 13 Cartwright, Gary, 124 Casey, Lawrence, 33 Caslavska, Vera, 100 Cassell, Ollan, 131 Chaney, Donald, 177 Cherry, Steve, 24 Chicago Defender, 40, 102 Civil Rights Movement: ideals reflected in 1968 podium salute...