Notes
295 Notes Introduction 1. Ose, “Entscheidung” [Decision]. 2. Jung, “Ardennenoffensive” [Ardennes Offensive]. 3. The German troops did not enter the part of France that was left unoccupied in 1940 (Operation ANTON) until November 11, 1942. The territory to the east of the Rhône River was occupied after the Italian Armistice (September 8, 1943). Some “fortresses” along the French coastline and the Channel Islands remained in German hands until the end of the war. 4. For example, the chief of staff of the U.S. Army, General George Marshall , on September 13, 1944, informed his senior commanders that one could figure on finishing the war in Europe by November 1944; cf., Eisenhower Papers, IV, p. 2117. On the German side, for example, see Colonel General Alfred Jodl’s comment in Nürnberg, in “Der Prozess” [The Trial], XV, p. 441 f, and Albert Speer’s comment, also in “Der Prozess” [The Trial], XVI, pp. 533 ff. 5. Klein, “Militärgeschichte” [Military History], p. 193. 6. Groote, “Militärgeschichte” [Military History], p. 18. 7. Schreiber, “Der Zweite Weltkrieg” [World War II], p. 453. 8. Showalter, German Military History 1648–1982, p. 239. 9. Haupt, “Rückzug” [Retreat]. 10. For example, Johannes Nosbüsch, “Bis zum bitteren Ende—Der Zweite Weltkrieg im Kreis Bitburg-Prüm” [To the Bitter End—World War II in the County of Bitburg-Prüm] (Bitburg, 1978); id., “Damit es nicht vergessen wird. Pfälzer Land im Zweiten Weltkrieg” [Lest We Forget—The Palatinate during World War II] (Landau, 1982); Adolf Hohenstein and Wolfgang Trees, “Hölle im Hürtgenwald” [Hell in Hürtgen Forest] (Aachen, 1981); Manfred Gross, “Der Westwall zwischen Niederrhein und Schnee-Eifel” [The West Wall between the Lower Rhine and Schnee-Eifel] (Cologne, 1982); Rolf Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär, and Wolfram Wette, “Wer zurückweicht, wird erschossen” [Anyone Who Retreats Will Be Shot] (Freiburg, 1985). 11. The unprinted sources cited in this study, as a rule, come from the Federal Archives-Military Archives or from the Military History Research Institute. The place of origin of the documents is indicated separately only where this is not the case. 12. RW 4/Vol. 34. 13. Cf., among others, Joachim Ludewig, “Stationen eines Soldatenschicksals : Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model” [Waystations in a Soldier’s Destiny: Field Marshal-General Walter Model], in “Militärgeschichtliche 296 Notes to Pages 4–13 Beiträge” [Military History Contributions] 5 (1991): pp. 69–75. 14. These were studies prepared from memory, mostly without access to sources, by German officers after 1945, by direction of the “Historical Division .” Depending on the aptitude and interest of the particular author, their quality varies, and in the following, they will be cited with the author’s name and the corresponding “MS” identification number. 15. United States Army in World War II, Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, Washington 1947 ff.; History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, London 1952 ff. The individual works in this series will be cited in the following only under the names of the authors. The bibliography contains further information. 16. This involved the ongoing decoding of secret German radio codes by British cryptologists. Originally, ULTRA was the security classification for radio messages or teletype messages that were used to transmit the knowledge gained from these sources to Allied operations staff. 17. Literature used in this connection: Ralph Bennett, Ultra in the West—The Normandy Campaign 1944/45, London 1980; Ronald Lewin, “Entschied Ultra den Krieg?” [Did Ultra Decide the War?], Koblenz Bonn, 1981; F.H. Hinsley with E.E. Thomas, C.F.G. Ransom, R.C. Knight, British Intelligence in the Second World War, 3, Part I, London, 1984. 18. Schreiber, “Der Zweite Weltkrieg,” p. 473. 1. The German Reich’s Military-Political Situation 1. War Diary, Wehrmacht High Command, IV/2, pp. 1530 ff. 2. Hillgruber, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, p. 128. 3. War Diary, Wehrmacht High Command, IV/1, p. 12. 4. Reich Minister of Armament and Ammunition in 1942; Reich Minister of Armament and War Production since 1943. 5. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 741 f. 6. Proclaimed by the Western Allies at the January 1943 Casablanca Conference. Stalin joined in May 1943. 7. Hansen, Aussenpolitik, p. 118. 8. Hillgruber, Der Zweite Weltkrieg, p. 166. 9. Hildebrand, Drittes Reich, p. 96. 10. Ibid., p. 105. 11. Ibid. 2. The Initial Situation on the Allied Side 1. Joint Western Allied general staffs in Washington since 1942. The Combined Chiefs of Staff...
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