Notes
313 notes introduction 1. Schlesinger, “Origins of the Cold War,” 23. 2. Stivers, “Incomplete Blockade,” 571. 1. opportunity 1. Quoted in “Why Ike Didn’t Capture Berlin,” 72. 2. See Starr, “‘Opportunity’ and ‘Willingness.’” 3. Franklin, “Zonal Boundaries.” Other important studies include Mosely, “Occupation of Germany”; Warner, “Our Secret Deal”; Sharp, Wartime Alliance; Ziemke, U.S. Army; Nelson , Wartime Origins; and Slusser, “The Opening Phase.” 4. FR, 1943, 3:36; WP(43)217, May 25, 1943, CAB 66/37, UKNA; WM(43)86(1), June 16, 1943, CAB 65/34, UKNA; MSC minutes, June 22, 1943, U2887/25/70, 35320, FO 371, UKNA. 5. Sharp, Wartime Alliance, 33–39; PHP(43)7b, October 11, 1943, CAB 81/41, UKNA. 6. Sharp, Wartime Alliance, 52–53; FR, 1944, 1:139–54. 7. Gladwyn, Memoirs, 133; Dorn, “Debate over American Occupation Policy,” 487; FR, 1944, 1:304–5; C. S. A. Ritchie to Wrong, April 3, 1944, pt. 1, AR 405/1/8, and Ritchie memos of conversation, October 2, 1944, pt. 4, AR 405/1/8, RG 25, LAC; WP(43)421, September 27, 1943, CAB 66/41, UKNA; APW(44)17th meeting, September 21, 1944, CAB 87/66, UKNA. 8. PHP(43)7, September 6, 1943, CAB 81/41, UKNA; WM(43)135(3), October 5, 1943, C11296/279/18, 34460, FO 371, UKNA; Nelson, Wartime Origins, 122; FR, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 131–32; J. G. Ward quoted in Lewis, Changing Direction, 129. 9. For token forces, see WP(43)217, May 25, 1943, CAB 66/37; MSC 22/2, June 8, 1943, WO 193/263; PHP(43)43, November 24, 1943, CAB 81/41; Strang to Eden, June 5, 10, and 13, 1944, PREM 3/137/1, all in UKNA. The idea was an explicit attempt to blend the mixed and zonal approaches and avoid spheres of interest. The British military disliked it; the Soviets and the American military quashed it. Jebb note, June 16, 1943, U2720/25/70, 35320, FO 371, UKNA; APW(44)7th meeting, June 8, 1944, CAB 87/66, UKNA; Hilldring to Wickersham , WAR 50392, June 14, 1944, and JCS 723/3, July 3, 1944, both in “File 144: Zones of Occupation (Germany) I” folder, box 13, Philip Mosely Records, RG 43, USNA; FR, 1944, 1:249–50. 10. Cairncross, Price of War, 87–88; Mosely, “Occupation of Germany,” 593; Rooks to Chief of Staff, Plans Group G, April 10, 1945, “SHAEF/G-5/803/5” folder, box 25, G-5 Numeric File, RG 331, USNA. For the Soviet food demand, see FR, Conference of Berlin, 1:632–35. 314 notes to Pages 9–12 11. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, 235–48; Yergin, Shattered Peace, chap. 2; Folly, Churchill, Whitehall and the Soviet Union. 12. Cline, Washington Command Post, 104–6, 312–14; Hammond, “Directives,” 331–32; Nelson, Wartime Origins, 12; Peterson, American Occupation, 20. 13. Morgan, Overture to Overlord, 104–18; FR, Conferences at Washington and Quebec , 1014–15; Franklin, “Zonal Boundaries,” 5–7; Elsey to Brown, August 31, 1944, “A/16 Warfare—Germany and German Occupied Countries,” folder 1, box 167, Map Room files, FDRL. Despite a comment by Roosevelt about racing the Russians to Berlin, Rankin C’s deliberate pace (three stages lasting sixty to seventy-five days), its limited geographic scope (troops would not move beyond the North Sea coast or the Rhine valley until stage three), and planners’ repeated emphasis on concerted action with the Russians all belie suggestions that it was a political plan aimed at saving as much of Germany as possible from Bolshevism. Cf. SHAEF SGS Decimal Files 381/5 and 381/7 Rankin, box 82, SGS Decimal File, RG 331, USNA; files 505.10 and 505.11 (and their subfiles), AFHRA; Sharp, Wartime Alliance, 32; Kolko, Politics of War, 29–30, 317; FR, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 942. For the 1918 analogy’s importance in British wartime thinking, see Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, 56, 84–91, 111–19. 14. FR, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 253–61; Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 341–42. 15. Franklin, “Zonal Boundaries,” 11–12, 19–21; for details, see FR, 1944, 1:166–341. 16. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, chaps. 1, 2, 4–6; Jones, Britain, the United States, and the Mediterranean War, chaps. 1–3. 17. Henry L. Stimson diary, October 28 and 29, 1943 (microfilm edition, reel 8), Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. 18. Coles...
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