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ix Editors’ Note This book was neither researched nor written under the auspices of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., its Corporate Office, or its Board of Directors. Although the Corporate Office of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., was helpful in terms of sharing documents and archival material with the contributors to this book, no official permission was sought by the editors, and no permission was granted by the fraternity, to publish this book. Furthermore, none of the fraternity’s sacred, secret, or purely internal documents are referred to in this work. This book is a scholarly endeavor undertaken wholly independently of the fraternity, drawing on public documents and data, even though it was written and edited largely by active members of the fraternity and their colleagues. ...

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