Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I

Notes

Notes Abbreviations CASR Cecil Arthur Spring Rice CO Current Opinion CR Congressional Record EBG Edith Bolling Galt EG Edward Grey EMH Edward M. House F Fatherland FCP Frederic C. Penfield FR Foreign Relations of the United States HCL Henry Cabot Lodge JCG Joseph C. Grew JvB Johann von Bernstorff JWG James W. Gerard LD Literary Digest LMG Lindley M. Garrison LP The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939–40) LTR Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1951–54) N Nation NAR North American Review NR New Republic NYA New York American NYT New York Times O Outlook OGD Reichstag Commission of Inquiry, Official German Documents Relating to the World War, 2 vols. (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1923) PWW Woodrow Wilson, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link, 69 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1966–93) 309 310 Notes to Pages 1–6 RL Robert Lansing TR Theodore Roosevelt WGM William Gibbs McAdoo WHP Walter Hines Page WHT William Howard Taft WJB William Jennings Bryan WW Woodrow Wilson 1. Setting the Stage 1. WW to Lucy Marshall Smith, Sept. 15, 1915, PWW, 34:474; George F. Kennan , The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1979), 3 (emphasis Kennan’s). 2. Mexican war in Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion (New York: Longmans , Green, 1893), 152; Hawaiian revolution, “Mr. Cleveland as President,” Jan. 15, 1897, PWW, 10:116; Spanish-American War, “What Ought We to Do?” c. Aug. 1, 1898, PWW, 10:574; American founding, speech of Oct. 28, 1910, PWW, 21:462; moral example, “Democracy and Efficiency,” c. Oct. 1, 1900, PWW, 12:10–11; NYT, July 5, 1914, 3. 3. Wilson, New York address, Nov. 20, 1905, PWW, 16:228. 4. Wilson, speech, New York, Jan. 30, 1904, PWW, 15:149; Wilson, Princeton University Bulletin 12 (Oct. 20, 1900): 12. 5. Wilson, “Democracy and Efficiency,” c. Oct. 1, 1900, PWW, 12:13; “The Theory of Organization,” Nov. 2, 1898, PWW, 11:66; speech at Mobile, NYT, Oct. 28, 1913, 1. 6. Wilson, “Education and Democracy,” c. May 4, 1907, PWW, 17:135. 7. Wilson in John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 182; WW in NYT, Dec. 11, 1915, 4. 8. Robert W. Tucker, Woodrow Wilson and the Great War: Reconsidering America’s Neutrality, 1914–1917 (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2007), 19; Stockton Axson, “Brother Woodrow”: A Memoir of Woodrow Wilson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1993), 231. 9. Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1908), 77; Patrick Devlin, Too Proud to Fight: Woodrow Wilson’s Neutrality (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1975), 468. 10. John Milton Cooper Jr., Walter Hines Page: The Southerner as American (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1977), 314; House diary, Nov. 6, 1914, PWW, 31:275. 11. Wilson in Arthur S. Link, Wilson, vol. 2, The New Freedom (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1956), 68. 12. Johann von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (London: Skeffington and Son, 1920), 193. 13. WW in Charles Seymour, ed., The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 4 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926), 1:114; Tucker, Wilson and the Great War, 39. 14. EBG to WW, Aug. 26, 1915, PWW, 34:338; WW to EBG, Aug. 28, 1915, PWW, 34:352. Notes to Pages 7–18 311 15. Jonathan Daniels, The End of Innocence (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1954), 89. 16. Spoilsman, diary of Nancy Saunders Toy, Jan. 3, 1915, PWW, 32:10; Wilson on cooling-off, NYT, Sept. 5, 1919, 2. 17. John Milton Cooper Jr., The Vanity of Power: American Isolationism and World War I, 1914–1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1969), 57; House diary, Nov. 26, 1916, PWW, 40:87n1. 18. Cooper, Wilson, 295; Lansing quoted in Daniel M. Smith, “Robert Lansing and the Formulation of American Neutrality Policies, 1914–1915,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (June 1956): 62. 19. War Memoirs of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 128. 20. WW to EMH, Mar. 28, 1917, PWW, 41:497. 21. WW in Burton J. Hendrick, ed., The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page, 3 vols. (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922–26), 2:23; WHP to Edwin A. Alderman, June 22, 1916, ibid., 2:144; WHP to Henry A. Page, n...