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Notes Introduction 1. Coclanis, Shadow, 106, 112, 115, 117–18, 125. 2. Fraser, Charleston!, 244. 3. Willis, “Marl Beds,” 47; “The Charleston Phosphates,” SCIPL, 68, EWS-3; Genovese, Two Essays, 123; Genovese, Political Economy, 13–14, 19–20, 23–25, 28–31, 180–88, 191–201; Oakes, Ruling Race, xi–xiii; Cobb,“Beyond Planters and Industrialists ,” 48, 51; Kaye,“Second Slavery,” 628–29; Prymak, review, 97–99; Gagnon, review. 4. Bateman and Weiss, Deplorable Scarcity, 161–63; Genovese, Political Economy, 28–31. 5. Cooper, Conservative Regime, 17–20, 39–40, 132–33. 6. Holden, Maelstrom, 2, 6, 111–14; Holden,“‘Public Business,’” 124–26; D. Doyle, New Men, 117.Don H.Doyle argues that Charleston’s elites used their social status to fend off much of what the New South brought to more progressive southern cities. 7. Wiener, Social, 5, 9, 199–203; Mandle, Roots, 21–31; Cobb, “Beyond Planters,” 46–48; Woodward, Origins, 19–22, 107–8, 148–53, 291–92, 309–10; Hackney,“Retrospect ,” 193–96; Rabinowitz, First New South, 18–19. Continuity proponents Wiener and Mandle argue that planters dominated the southern economy after the war. Change advocate Woodward sees“new men” from the middle class emerging during Redemption to lead the South’s business community. Woodward also argues that capital-poor southern industrialists were vulnerable to northeastern businessmen who plundered the South’s raw materials, manufactured the refined products elsewhere , and kept the profits for themselves. 8. Rabinowitz, First New South, 5–71; Carlton, Mill and Town, 4–10; Flamming, Creating the Modern South, xxi–xxv; G. Wright, Old South, New South, 156–65. 9. Mandle, “Black Economic Entrapment,” 69–75. Mandle argues that the vast majority of freedpeople were trapped in an exploitative agricultural labor system after the Civil War. 10. Foner, Reconstruction, 55–56, 132; Kelley,“‘We Are Not What We Seem,’” 76– 80; Arnesen,“Up from Exclusion,” 146–47, 156–62.· 169 · 11.Foner,Reconstruction,77; Stanley,From Bondage to Contract,62–84,138–39,175; H. Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction, ix–xv, 99–101. 12. Wetherington, Wiregrass Georgia, xviii–xxii, 99–107, 117–22, 162–65, 240–41; Powers, Black Charlestonians, 1–8, 105, 126, 133, 168–69, 250; Saville, Work of Reconstruction , 1–4, 42, 111–13; Rabinowitz, First New South, 42–43. Reflecting census weaknesses,Powers and Saville largely ignore the phosphate and fertilizer industries. 13. Coclanis, Shadow, 128, 139. 14. Shick and Doyle,“Boom,” 1–4. Chapter 1. Antecedents, Precedents, and Continuities, 1800–1865 1. F. Holmes, Phosphate Rocks, 7, 27–35; Sanders,“Additions,” 10–12; Sanders, unpublished diagram, Charleston Museum, 1999. Before “phosphate rock” became the standard term around 1870, commentators used many other names to describe the mineral,including marl-rock,marl-stone,bone-phosphate,coprolites,conglomerates, and bone-rocks. 2.Willis,“Marl Beds,”47,80; F.Holmes,Phosphate Rocks,3,26,31,70; Pratt,Ashley River Phosphates, 42. Holmes estimated the Ashley River phosphate stratum to average fifteen to eighteen inches deep and yield six hundred tons per acre. 3. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 162–63. 4. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 3–5, 33–36, 162–69; W. Jordan,“Peruvian Guano Gospel,” 211. 5. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 3–4, 157–59, 165–66. 6. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 33–47, 162–65. 7. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 45–46; R. Taylor,“South Carolina,” 179–89. 8. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 24, 83–87, 108–11, 165–70; R. Taylor, “Southeast Part I,”308; Blakey, Florida Phosphate, 1–3; F. Holmes, Phosphate Rocks, 51.After 1867, marketers used the term “superphosphate” to describe phosphate rock dissolved in sulfuric acid.Roughly equal,modern and nineteenth-century BPL numbers measure the amount of phosphorus available to plants in the fertilizer. 9. Wines, Fertilizer in America, 70–75, 124–26, 163–70; Blakey, Florida Phosphate, 6–7. 10. W. Jordan, “Peruvian Guano Gospel,” 211–221; Wines, Fertilizer in America, 41–42, 157–59; Genovese, Political Economy, 93. 11. W. Jordan, “Peruvian Guano Gospel,” 211–221; Wines, Fertilizer in America, 41–42, 157–59; G. Wright, Old South, New South, 17–34. 12. Genovese, Political Economy, 26–27, 85–90. 13. G. Wright, Old South, New South, 17–34; Genovese, Political Economy, 95. 14.Genovese,Political Economy,90–99; Faust,James Henry Hammond,114–15,128, 236; Allmendinger, Ruffin: Family and Reform, 31–34, 73–74, 114–15, 118–28; Egerton, “Markets Without a Market Revolution,” 207–21; Allmendinger,“The Early Career of Edmund Ru...

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