The Mulatto Republic: Class, Race, and Dominican National Identity

Notes

NOTES Introduction 1.EnriqueRojas,“Cream Has BleachedHis Skin,”ESPN Deportes.com,November10,2009: http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=4642952, accessed March 2011. My thanks to Jessica Lewis for bringing this to my attention. Skin bleaching is also common in Jamaica, the United States, and parts of Africa: Christopher Charles, “Skin Bleachers’ Representations of Skin Color in Jamaica,” Journal of Black Studies 40, no. 2 (November 2009): 153–170; Margaret Hunter,“ThePersistentProblemofColorism:SkinTone,Status,andInequality,”SociologyCompass1 ,no.1(2007):237–254;Lewisetal.,“InvestigatingMotivationsforWomen’sSkinBleaching in Tanzania,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 1 (March 2011): 29–37. 2. Rojas, “Cream Has Bleached His Skin.” 3. Frances Robles, “Black Denial,” Miami Herald, June 13, 2007. 4. Andrés Mateo insists, too, that Trujillo-era ideology was more eclectic than coherent. See Mito y cultura en la era de Trujillo. 5. Franklin Franco Pichardo, Sobre racismo y antihaitianismo (y otros ensayos); Ernesto Sagás, Race and Politics in the Dominican Republic. 6. David Howard, Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic; Kimberly Simmons, Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic; Jim Sidanius, Yesilernis Peña, and Mark Sawyer, “Inclusionary Discrimination: Pigmentocracy and Patriotism in the Dominican Republic”; and Ginetta Candelario, Black behind the Ears: Dominican Racial Identity from Museums to Beauty Shops. 7. Manuel Arturo Peña Batlle, Política de Trujillo; Joaquín Balaguer, La isla al revés. 8. Frank Moya Pons, “Modernización y cambios en la República Dominicana,” pp. 243–244. 9. One must also include Juan Bosch as a founding member of the nueva ola. Bosch’s Composici ón social dominicana. Historia e interpretación, written in 1968 and published in 1970, reoriented Dominican historical analysis around the history of capitalism, resistance to imperialism, and class struggle. 10. Key articles, books, and collections include Franklin Franco Pichardo, Los negros, los mulatos y la nación dominicana; Raymundo González, “Notas sobre las concepciones populistas -liberales de Duarte y la independencia dominicana,” Clío 77, no. 175 (2008): 151–166; idem, “Peña Batlle y su concepto histórico de la nación dominicana,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos 48 (1991): 585–631; idem, De esclavos a campesinos. Vida rural en Santo Domingo colonial; Hugo Tolentino Dipp, Raza e historia en Santo Domingo. Orígenes del prejuicio en América; Frank Moya Pons, Manual de historia dominicana; Emilio Cordero Michel, “Características de la Guerra Restauradora , 1863–1865”; Rubén Silié, “El hato y el conuco. Contexto para el surgimiento de la cultura criolla.” 11. Roberto Cassá and Genaro Rodríguez, “Algunos procesos formativos de la identidad nacional dominicana”; Roberto Cassá, “El racismo en la ideología de la clase dominante dominicana ”; Orlando Inoa, Azúcar, árabes, cocolos y haitianos; and Michiel Baud, “Sugar and Unfree Labor: Reflections on Labour Control in the Dominican Republic, 1870–1935.” 12. Robin Derby and Richard Turits, “Las historias de terror y los terrores de la historia: la masacre haitiana de 1937 en la República Dominicana.” 13. Robin Derby, “Haitians, Magic, and Money: Raza and Society in the Haitian-Dominican Borderlands, 1900–1937,” p. 489; Christian Krohn-Hansen, “Magic, Money and Alterity among Dominicans,” p. 130. 14. Candelario, Black behind the Ears. See also Derby, “Haitians, Magic, and Money” and idem, “Race, National Identity, and the Idea of Value on the Island of Hispaniola.” 15. Silvio Torres-Saillant, “Blackness and Meaning in Studying Hispaniola: A Review Essay,” pp. 181–182. 16. Cassá, “El racismo”; Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Nation and Citizen in the Dominican Republic , 1880–1916. 17. Important works on the development of the sugar industry include the essays published in Andrés Corten, Mercedes Acosta, and Isis Duarte, eds., Azúcar y política en la República Dominicana; Jacqueline Boin and José Serulle Ramia, El proceso de desarrollo del capitalismo en la República Dominicana (1844–1930); Ramonina Brea, Ensayo sobre la formación del estado capitalista en la República Dominicana y Haití; Manuel Moreno Fraginals, Frank Moya Pons, and Stanley Engerman, eds., Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-Speaking Caribbean in the Nineteenth Century; Humberto García Muñiz, “The South Porto Rico Sugar Company: The History of a U.S. Multinational Corporation in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, 1900–1921”; Inoa, Azúcar; Roberto Marte, Cuba y la República Dominicana. Transición económica en el Caribe del siglo XIX; and Juan J. Sánchez, La caña en Santo Domingo. 18...