The Archaeology of French and Indian War Frontier Forts

List of Figures

Figures 2.1. Representation of “antiquated fortifications” 23 2.2. Le Blond’s illustration of the weakness of medieval square and round towers 24 2.3. Plate employed by Le Blond to illustrate “the first system of M. de Vauban” 26 2.4. Table employed by Le Blond to provide the appropriate dimensions of various parts of a fortification 27 2.5. Close-up of the front of fortification BC 29 2.6. Plan of an irregular fortification 30 2.7a and b. Two tables provided by Le Blond to allow the designer to approximate the results of a regular fortification in the ground plan of an irregular fortification 31 2.8. Two illustrations of defense in depth 39 2.9. Franquet’s plan of Fort St. Frédéric 42 2.10. Franquet’s plan of Fort Chambly 44 2.11. Franquet’s schematic plan of the fortifications at Montréal 46 3.1a and b. Location of Fort Prince George in Pickens County, South Carolina 53 3.2. Configuration of the gun platform in the northwest bastion 60 3.3. Composite map of the excavations at Fort Prince George 62 3.4. Hand-drawn conception of Fort Prince George based on excavation data 64 4.1. Plan of excavation, Fort Loudoun, Tennessee 71 4.2. Artifact distribution maps 75 4.3. FAP Kitchen Group percentages 77 x · Figures 5.1a–d. Ditch profile drawings and photos 89 5.2a and b. Fort Dobbs ditch excavations and abatis 90 5.3. Aerial photograph of 1969 Fort Dobbs excavations 94 5.4. Conjectural rendering of Fort Dobbs, 2006 100 6.1. Washington’s design plan for Fort Loudoun 103 6.2. Map of Winchester, 1777, depicting Fort Loudoun 109 6.3. Location of archaeological excavations and conjectural location of Fort Loudoun 110 6.4. Test Trench 1, north profile 111 6.5. Test Trench 2, plan view after excavation 112 7.1. Typical fort plan by George Washington 124 7.2. Map of present excavations 131 7.3. Map of topography, showing bastions 132 7.4. Unit 3 profiles 134 7.5. Unit 4, east profile 135 7.6. Unit 5, east profile 135 7.7. Fort Vause inventory 137 8.1. Site map showing features 146 8.2. Fort Allen, Pennsylvania 151 8.3a and b. Profiles of Feature 60 and Feature 73 153 8.4. Grid iron 154 9.1. Location of Fort Loudoun with respect to Pittsburgh and Philadelphia 159 9.2. Archaeological plan of Fort Loudoun 164 9.3. Post pattern in partially excavated east palisade trench, facing north 165 9.4. Exterior view of reconstructed northeast bastion, facing east 166 9.5. Interior view of reconstructed northeast bastion, facing northeast 167 9.6. Hand-blown case bottle with inscribed name 169 9.7. Oak bucket recovered from the well 170 10.1. Location of Lake Champlain and Crown Point 175 10.2. Detail from 1759 plan of the fort and fortress at Crown Point 176 Figures · xi 10.3. Tour de Camaret near Brest, France, built by Vauban from 1693 to 1696 178 10.4. Digital reconstruction of the redoubt or citadel at Crown Point, built in 1734 179 10.5. Plan of the new fort and redoubt at Machecoulis, drawn in 1736 180 10.6. Drawing from a model of Fort St. Frédéric 181 10.7. Detail from a map of Lake Champlain since the building of Fort Chambly to that of St. Frédéric, 1740 182 10.8. Spy map of Crown Point, drawn by Robert Rogers in 1755 184 10.9. View of Fort St. Frédéric from the south 188 11.1. Location of Fort Frontenac surrounded by landfill and covered by roads and buildings in present-day downtown Kingston, Ontario 192 11.2. Plan of 1685, depicting the transition from the second Fort Frontenac of 1675 to the third by 1687 195 11.3. Foundations uncovered during archaeological research at Fort Frontenac between 1983 and 1985 197 11.4. Plan of Fort Frontenac, 1738, depicting the elevation of the fort 204 11.5. Trade and domestic items recovered during archaeological investigations at Fort Frontenac between 1983 and 2006 207 11.6. Excavations along the west curtain of Fort Frontenac demonstrating later nineteenth- and twentieth-century impacts 212 12.1. The upper Great Lakes 217 12.2. Lotbinière map of 1749 221 12.3...