Fertile Bonds: Bedouin Class, Kinship, and Gender in the Bekaa Valley

Notes

Notes Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview 1. Kent and Haub, “Global Demographic Divide,” 3. 2. See Sen, “Population: Delusion and Reality”; Laughlin, “Evolution of Modern Demography ”; and Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs. 3. Giddens, Transformation of Intimacy, 26. 4. Ibid., 27. 5. Laughlin, “Evolution of Modern Demography.” 6. See, for instance, Scheper-Hughes, Death without Weeping; Ali, Planning the Family in Egypt; Van Hollen, Birth on the Threshold; Thomas, Politics of the Womb; Maternowska , Reproducing Inequities; Fadlalla, Embodying Honor; Briggs, Reproducing Empire; Bledsoe, Contingent Lives; Kanaaneh, Birthing the Nation; Johnson-Hanks, Uncertain Honor; and Rivkin-Fish, Women’s Health in Post-Soviet Russia. 7. See, for instance, Caldwell, Reddy, and Caldwell, Causes of Demographic Change; Das Gupta, “Fertility Decline in Punjab, India”; Fricke, Himalayan Households; Greenhalgh , “Fertility as Mobility”; Greenhalgh, “Controlling Births and Bodies”; Greenhalgh , “Anthropology Theorizes Reproduction”; Kertzer and Hogan, Demographic Change; Lockwood, Fertility and Household Labour; Schneider and Schneider, Festival of the Poor; Netting, Balancing on an Alp; Renne, “Nigerian Land Use” and Population and Progress; and Weinreb, “First Politics, Then Culture.” 8. See, for instance, Howell, Demography of the Dobe !Kung; Wood, Dynamics of Human Reproduction; Hill and Hurtado, Ache Life History; Pennington and Harpending, African Pastoralist Community; Chamberlain, Demography in Archaeology; Early and Headland, Population Dynamics; Early and Peters, Xilixana Yanomami of the Amazon; Panter-Brick, Layton, and Rowley-Conwy, Hunter-Gatherers; and Blurton Jones et al., “Demography of the Hadza.” 9. See, for instance, Borgerhoff Mulder, “Datoga Pastoralists of Tanzania”; Borgerhoff Mulder and Sellen, “Pastoralist Decision-Making”; Fratkin, Galvin, and Roth, African Pastoralist Systems; and Roth, “On Pastoralist Egalitarianism.” 10. See Joseph, “Biocultural Context”; Joseph, “Globalization, Demography and Nutrition ”; and Joseph, “‘Kissing Cousins.’” 11. See Bittles, “Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable”; and Bittles, “Consanguinity and Its Relevance.” 182 12. Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies, 5. 13. Malthus, Principle of Population, 14–15. 14. Ibid., 57. 15. Farmer, “An Anthropology of Structural Violence.” 16. Borofsky, “Four Subfields,” 464. 17. Goodman and Leatherman, Building a New Biocultural Synthesis. 18. See Baer, Singer, and Susser, Medical Anthropology. 19. See Guess, Critical Theory. 20. In a landmark volume by David Kertzer and Tom Fricke, Anthropological Demography , contributors attempted to lay out a vision for the liaison between anthropology and demography, but this synthesis almost entirely excluded the contributions of biodemography . An important exception is Eric Roth’s Culture, Biology and Anthropological Demography, which has attempted to reconcile anthropological demography and evolutionary ecology. A public health focus has always characterized the field. The aforementioned (landmark) edited volume and another edited compilation in the same field by Alaka Basu and Peter Aaby entitled The Methods and Uses of Anthropological Demography are testimonies to that. 21. Konner, Tangled Wing, 496. 22. See Habermas, Between Facts and Norms. 23. See Greenhalgh “Toward a Political Economy.” See also Habermas, Between Facts and Norms. 24. Macey, Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory, 75 (italics in the original). 25. Spivak, “Righting Wrongs,” 524. 26. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 116. See also Connelly, Fatal Mis-Conception. 27. Connelly, Fatal Mis-Conception, 382. 28. Ibid., 374. 29. Ibid., 381. 30. I use the term “Fourth World” to refer to semi/nomadic pastoral, foraging, and horticultural communities as well as indigenous peoples marginalized from the dominant culture. The term may also be used to refer to what Geertz refers to as the “exprimitive .” Geertz, “Devastation of the Amazon,” 133. 31. bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman, 190. 32. Kraft, “Hunt for Genes.” 33. Ibid. 34. Visweswaran, “Race.” 35. See Said, Orientalism. This Orientalist perspective has even been internalized by Arab writers themselves (see Massad, Desiring Arabs). 36. Paul, “Orientalism Revisited,” 47. 37. See Freedman et al., “Life History Calendar.” 38. Minor corrections were made to original age estimates, which resulted in a oneyear age adjustment for five women in my sample. 39. See Howell, Demography of the Dobe !Kung. Notes to Pages 9–17 183 40. All anthropometric measurements were taken following the protocols of Lohman, Roache, and Martorell, Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. 41. For a description of the method used to derive a wealth index of the basic means of production, see Sheridan, Where the Dove Calls. 42. See El-Kholy and Al-Ali, “Inside/Out.” 43. Chatty, “Bedouin in Lebanon.” 44. National-level estimates place total financial losses in livestock production due to the war at US$21,861,845. FAO Technical Cooperation Programme, Lebanon, 17. Chapter 2. Nomadic Lives in Transition 1. Cultural anthropologist Dawn...