To Render Invisible: Jim Crow and Public Life in New South Jacksonville

Title Page, Copyright, Dedication

To Render Invisible University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola University Press of Florida Gainesville Tallahassee Tampa Boca Raton Pensacola Orlando Miami Jacksonville Ft. Myers Sarasota Copyright 2013 by Robert Cassanello All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. This book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certified under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. This book may be available in an electronic edition. 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cassanello, Robert. To render invisible : Jim Crow and public life in New South Jacksonville / Robert Cassanello. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-4419-4 (alk. paper) 1. African Americans—Florida—Jacksonville—History. 2. African Americans— Civil rights—Florida—Jacksonville—History. 3. Racism—Florida— Jacksonville—History. 4. Jacksonville (Fla.) —Race relations. I. Title. F319.J1C37 2013 323.1196'073075912—dc23 2012046692 University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Dedicated to Kenneth W. Goings, who believed in me before I believed in myself ...