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Figures 2.1. Major culture areas of the American Southwest, ca. A.D. 1000–1300 33 2.2. Regions of the Western Pueblo area of the American Southwest, ca. A.D. 1250–1400 35 3.1. Elaborate prepared roads in the vicinity of Pueblo Alto, Chaco Canyon 56 3.2. “Gateway trails” marking the approach to Tsankawi Pueblo, Bandelier National Monument 57 3.3. Schematic representation of World Quarter Shrine and associated “roads” atop Mt. Tsikomo 58 3.4. The Mother of the Katsina creating a cornmeal “road” for the Katsina chief of Nambé Pueblo 59 3.5. A migration petroglyph in the Rio Grande Gorge, just north of Pilar, New Mexico 60 4.1. Map of Pimería Alta showing tribal territories 69 4.2. S-cuk Kavick and GR-649 in central Arizona 73 5.1. Lower San Pedro Valley study area, southeastern Arizona 89 5.2. Excavated sites in the lower San Pedro Valley, with district boundaries 90 5.3. Percentages of corrugated ceramics in utilitarian ceramic assemblages in east-central Arizona (ca. A.D. 1150–1300) 92 5.4. Plot of corrugated ceramic percentages in lower San Pedro Valley utilitarian ceramic assemblages 93 5.5. Second Canyon, on the southern edge of the corrugated corridor, lower San Pedro Valley 94 5.6. Migrations of Kayenta and Tusayan groups into central and southern Arizona in the late 1200s and early 1300s A.D. 96 5.7. A slab-lined entry box in the lower San Pedro Valley 97 6.1. The Mesa Verde region and contemporary Pueblo lands in the U.S. Southwest 123 6.2. Container imagery in Mesa Verde region material culture 130 x Figures 6.3. Example of a bowl-shaped canyon-rim village at Sand Canyon Pueblo 131 7.1. Proposed distribution of language families across the northern frontier of Mesoamerica at the time of the migration 151 7.2. Early Colonial (A.D. 1520–1650) language use in the Mezquital Valley 153 7.3. Late Postclassic (A.D. 1150–1520) political geography in the Mezquital Valley 154 7.4. Ethnohistoric reconstruction of settlement associated with the northern portion of the Early Postclassic (A.D. 850–1150) Tula polity 155 7.5. Mezquital Valley archaeological settlement during the Epiclassic (A.D. 650–850) 156 9.1. Map of the Numic languages of the Uto-Aztecan family 193 10.1. Lotuko-Maa linguistic stratigraphy 212 10.2.Map of Ongamo-Maa history 213 11.1. Map of the South Central Andes with Tiwanaku-affiliated sites and regions 234 11.2. Strontium isotope data for archaeological human tooth enamel and bone from Tiwanaku-affiliated sites in the South Central Andes 235 12.1. Migrant genealogy and genealogical distribution of SAO allele 253 12.2.Tree diagram based on mtDNA lineages and the 9bp deletion for eleven Asian populations 256 12.3.Genealogy of Southeast Asian mtDNA lineages 257 12.4.Tree diagram based on mtDNA lineages of 260 Orang Asli 258 13.1. Hopewell range, site, and sample locations 269 14.1. Biodistance map of simulation results: complete continuity 285 14.2.Biodistance map of simulation results: complete replacement 286 14.3.Biodistance map of simulation results: varying numbers of migrants with one generation postmigration drift 287 14.4.Biodistance map of simulation results: varying numbers of migrants with ten generations of postmigration drift 288 14.5.Biodistance map of simulation results: varying numbers of migrants with fifty generations of postmigration drift 289 15.1. Evolutionary models of human genetic variation: Serial founder effects (SFE) and continuum of connected demes, or gene flow (GF) 294 15.2.Population locations and migration routes assumed in the serial founder effects model 296 15.3.Comparisons of real and simulated data 299 15.4.Allelic identity in Near Oceania 302 15.5.Neighbor joining tree 304 ...

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