The Spanish Convoy of 1750: Heaven's Hammer and International Diplomacy

Title Page, Copyright, Frontispiece, Dedication

Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola University Press of Florida The Spanish Convoy of 1750 New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology Don Daniel Huony • • TheSpanishConvoyof1750 Heaven’sHammerandInternationalDiplomacy James A. Lewis Foreword by James C. Bradford and Gene Allen Smith, series editors University Press of Florida Gainesville Tallahassee Tampa Boca Raton Pensacola Orlando Miami Jacksonville Ft. Myers Sarasota Copyright 2009 by James A. Lewis Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 14 13 12 11 10 09 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lewis, James Andrew, 1953– The Spanish convoy of 1750: heaven’s hammer and international diplomacy/James A. Lewis. p. cm.—(New perspectives on maritime history and nautical archaeology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-3358-7 (alk. paper); ISBN 978-0-8130-3862-9 (e-book) 1. La Galga (Warship) 2. Shipwrecks—Atlantic Coast (U.S.)—History—18th century. 3. Naval convoys—Spain—History—18th century. 4. Treasure troves—Assateague Island National Seashore (Md. and Va.) 5. United States—Foreign relations—Spain. 6. Spain— Foreign relations—United States. I. Title. G530.L315L49 2009 910.4'520975090339-dc22 2008049741 Publication of this book was made possible through the generosity of the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and the United States Universities. Frontispiece: Anonymous. Don Daniel Huony, Teniente General de la Armada. Ca. 1771. Oil on canvas, 106.2 × 82.4 cm. Museo Naval, Madrid. By permission of Museo Naval, Madrid. The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com For the Lewis, Stork, Flick, and Steinhilber families Generations of hardworking folk • • ...