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Abakuá secret society, 141, 145, 148, 154n6 Aberasturias, Lucas, 150 academic circles: campaign against ideological subversion, 54–57; debates over civil society, 40–44, 47; “problem” of alternatives, 59–60; Special Period, 184; think tanks on civil society, 18, 54–57 academic solidarity, 137 Acanda, Jorge Luis, 41–42, 57–58, 62n6, 126 accountability assemblies, 95 ACSUR las Segovias, 170 Action Group for the Free Expression of Sexual Choice (GALEES), 11, 166 administrative controls over civil society, 55 Africa, 70 Afro-Cuban religions, 142–43; accommodation , 143–44; cooperation with state, 151; discrimination ended, 144, 155n15; early views of, 13, 155n11; foreign NGOs, 147; foreign support, 148, 156n24; institutionalization , 14; legality, 143, 155n13; material benefits, 146; political agendas, 150; positive values, 145–46; social problems, 147; temple houses, 140; visibility and status, 153. See also santería Agricultural Production Cooperative (CPA), 73, 75, 76t, 77t agricultural sector, 73–78; Asociación Nacional de Agricultores Pequeños (ANAP), 84; state ownership, 74 Alonso Tejada, Aurelio, 58 altruism, 121 American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), 176 American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 146–47 Angola, 3, 128 apagones (brownouts), 92 Asia, 70, 71, 72 Asociación Abakuá de Cuba, 148 Asociación de Combatientes de la Revolución Cubana (veterans), 32 asociaciones económicas (AEs, joint ventures), 68–70, 71, 71t Asociación Nacional de Agricultores Pequeños (ANAP), 84 Asociación para la Unidad de Nuestra América (AUNA), 172 Assemblies of People’s Power, 82 Assembly to Promote Civil Society, 21 Association Act (1993), 12, 154–55n8, 165, 168, 179–80 Association of Veterans of the Cuban Revolution , 9 atheism, scientific, 13, 140, 143, 144 ayudantes (assistants), 79, 81t Azcuy Henríquez, Hugo, 51–52, 52–53, 55 Aznar, José María, 68 babalawos, 146, 148, 155n18 Batista, Fulgencio, 21, 23 “Battle of Ideas,” 19n1 Bay of Pigs, 24, 155n10 Béjar Miranda, Ana María, 168, 170 beneficence, 32 Betto, Frei, 144 Big Seven mass organizations, 161, 173 black market, 4, 5, 74, 75, 86n6, 96, 99 bloqueo, use of term, 17 B’nai Brith, 147 Brazil, 144, 151 brigadistas, 133–36 Brothers to the Rescue incident, 31, 57 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 66 Canada: constructive engagement, 7; diplomatic relations, 127; investment, 70. See also solidarity movement in Canada Canadian Cuban Friendship Association (CCFA), 131 Index 194 / Index Canadian International Development Agency, 90 Canadian Jewish Congress, 147 Canadian Network on Cuba (CNC), 131 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 86n3 Care International, 172 Cáritas Cubana, 146, 164, 179 Casa de las Américas, 26 casas particulares (guesthouses), 5 Cason, James, 34, 87n10 Castañeda, Antonio, 147–49, 156n27 Castro, Fidel: dictum (1961), 25–26, 35; on religion, 141–42, 144, 154n1; Rio Summit speech, 49, 163 Castro, Raúl, 22, 53–54, 55, 56 Castroism, 16, 25 Catédra de Estudios Antonio Gramsci, 58 Catholic Church, 12–13; Afro-Cubans, 152, 157n35; complaints, 153; defending Revolución, 31; foreign clergy, 152; historical role, 141; influence, 13; lay Catholics, 150, 156nn31, 32; membership, 13, 142, 155n15; official positions, 144; pope’s visit, 14, 33, 145, 169; role of, 141, 150, 156n31; social projects, 146; use of civil society concept, 48–49, 61; Vatican links, 13 caudillismo, 16 CCS. See Credit and Service Cooperative Central America, 176 Central de Trabajadores de Cuba (CTC), 32 centralization, of political system, 94–95, 105, 183, 186 Centro de Cultura Comunitaria, 107 Centro de Estudios Europeos (CEE), 54 Centro de Estudios sobre América (CEA), debates, 18, 54–57, 60, 62n8 Centro de Información y Estudios sobre las Relaciones Internacionales (CIERI), 172 Centro de Intercambio y Referencia sobre Iniciativas Comunitarias (CIERIC), 91, 105 Centro Memorial Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 58, 90, 91, 105, 109, 129, 140, 146, 156n31, 172 charity: among Cubans, 134; root causes of social problems, 121; solidarity compared, 117–18, 120, 135; three-dimensional view, 122–23, 123f children’s rights, 170–71 China, 70, 70t, 86n4 Christian churches, 13–14 Christian values, 141 church-state relations, 12–14, 144 civil defense, 32, 37 civil society: charity and the oppressed, 119; increase in number of organizations, 164; meaning contested, 20; new actors, 163–70; official definition, 53–54, 55; possible outcomes, 177–78, 188; state role, 160; traditional actors, 161–63 civil society concept: described, 43–44; differing views, 160; as metaphor for social change, 60–61; provenance of, 41; as socialist construct , 163; Track II policy (U.S.), 48, 111n12 class struggle, 119 coercion: inclusivity and, 35; participation and, 9 Committees...

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