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African politics, 34 Afro-Brazilians, 10, 12, 27, 102, 185, 201 Afro-Caucanos, 27–34, 36, 39 Afro-Colombians, 9, 25, 27–30, 33, 35–36, 40 Afro-Cubans, 10, 12, 59–60, 63–73, 77, 78, 81, 95, 100; as rebels, 62 Afro-Ecuadorians, 11, 84, 88–91, 97, 99–101 Afro-Esmeraldans, 85, 92–93, 102 Afro-Latin Americans, xiv, 2, 19, 34–35 Afro-Nicaraguans, 9, 10, 42–46, 49, 51, 54 Afro-Peruvians, 264–65, 268–69, 281–83 Afro-Spaniards, 44 Agency, 9, 17, 18, 100, 249; Mapuche Indians 252; Tarahumara, 14, 226 Alcohol/alcoholism, 288–89 Alfaro, Eloy, 83–92, 99, 102–3 Alonso, Ana María, 226, 229 Alsina, Minister of War Adolfo, 212, 218 Ammunition, 68, 74–76, 164, 167–68, 234, 295 Andes, 8, 41, 205, 209, 212, 220, 251 Apache, vii, 13–15, 224–40 “Apache island,” 225, 240 Apache raiders, 228, 236 Apache Wars, 14, 224–27, 229–30, 232, 234, 238–39, 240 Araucanía, 15, 243–46, 248–55, 257, 260–62 Araucanos, 205; El Araucano, 252–56 Arauco, 245, 252, 254, 255–56 Arauco Battalion, 254–55 Argentina, 13–15, 46, 207–8, 214–17, 219, 246, 288; Chaco, 205, 221, 286–87, 296; frontier wars, 229; maps of, xvii; Paraguayan War, 178, 188; politics, 204; Roca, Julio, 258; War of Triple Alliance, 159 Armies, 2–3, 5, 245, 289, 293, 295; AfroColombian /Cauca, 25, 29; Alfaro, Elroy, 84; allied, 48, 53, 188; American, 63; Apache war, 14, 224; Chaco war, 17, 286, 291, 302; Index conditions in, 68; Kirker, James, 231–32; Napoleonic, 208 Asians, 265, 268, 276 Atacama desert, 244, 264 Aymara, 296 Ayopaya Rebellion, 301 Ayoreode, 287–88 Azara, Félix de, 162 Backwardness, 16, 250 Bagnaia, Mariano de, 165 Baigorrita, Ranquel chief, 205, 219 Bandits, 62–63, 68, 218, 274, 276; Banditry, 31, 95, 236, 251; vangabonds, 179–80, 196 Barbarians, 193, 196, 218 Barbarism, 95, 214, 216, 230, 246, 255 Belaieff, General Juán, 292, 294, 301 Biology/Biological difference, 131 Blacks, 9, 12, 84–85, 98, 189, 205, 268; armed, 272; compared to Indians, 9; Cuba, 63, 66, 68, 70; disease, 169; Ecuador/Concha, 90–94; and mulattos, 45, 59, 27–28; manumitted , 27; nationalism, 16, 282; politics, 5, 28, 34, 46, 89, 100; revolution/rebelión, 72, 76, 95–97; slavery, 69; society, 78–79, 88, 91, 184; stereotypes, 176, 185; wars, 5, 12, 16, 25, 31, 45, 61, 159 Bolivar, 5, 38, 211, 313 Bolivia, 101, 243–44, 247–48, 286, 288–302; Chaco, 17, 287; occupation of, 245–46; press, 253; War of the Pacific, 254, 259, 264, 270 Borders, 3, 8, 162, 172, 287; Chaco, 294; conflicts , 1; Esmeraldas, 89; Paraguay, 164–65; Tarahumara, 225 Brazil, 3, 8, 20, 34, 169–72, 175–80, 184–203; Chaco, 287–88; images of slaves in, 182; indigenous people(Guaikuru), 12, 166–68; Pantanal, 12; War of the Triple Alliance, 13, 159–65 344 / Index Brazilian Empire, 159, 168, 176 Buenos Aires, 160, 204, 206–12, 215; class, 218; Mak’a, 30 Cabála, Guaikurú chief, 163 Cacique, 112, 206, 256, 258 Calfucurá, 205, 209–12 Camacho, J. V., 253, 300 Cañete, xiv, 16, 255, 267, 270–77, 282; massacre , 268, 280–81; peasants, 269; planters, 265–66; valley, 263–64 Cannibalism, 95, 291, 299 Caribbean, 8, 100 Carnival, 175, 190 Cartoons, 13, 180, 182, 184 Castas, 44, 228 Caste, 10, 35, 45, 236, 247 Cattle, 99, 210–12, 293, 297; Argentina, 206, 215; Guaikuru, 168; Paraguay, 163–64, 300; ranches, 171; ranching, 165, 214 Cauca, 9, 25–36, 250 Caudillos/caudillismo, 42, 112, 208 Caupolicán, 253, 255 Cayúa, 165 Centeno, Miguel Angel, 1, 5–6, 229 Central America, 8, 11, 46, 48–49, 53, 55, 109; Central American Federation, 47; indigenous groups in, 141 Central American Federation, 47 Cereal, 213, 220 Chaco, xiv, 216–17, 286–302; indigenous/indians , 17, 169, 205, 221; Kadiweu, 162; región, 205, 221 Chaco War, 17, 286–87, 293, 296, 297–98, 301–2 Chamacoco, 165, 171 Chihuahua, 14–15, 224–25, 228, 230–34, 236–40 Chile, 2, 16–17, 217, 270–76, 281–87; Arona, 269; cattle, 212; Chief Calfucura, 205; Chiliean identity, 243–44; ethnic conflict, 249; “frontier wars,” 229; government, 250; invasion of Peru, 263–67, 278; map of, xvii; Mapuche, 13, 15, 214, 152, 254–58; press, 252, 253; race, 246–47; War of the Pacific, 245, 248, 251, 259 Chilenidad, 244, 246 Chinese...

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