Gender and Democracy in Cuba

Notes

Notes Preface. 1. Interview with Ricardo Alarcón, Havana, March 20, 2003. 2. Shayne, The Revolution Question, 156. 3. Agüero and Stark, Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America, V. 4. I have previously explored this argument in the book After the Revolution: Gender and Democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala. Several passages in the manuscript are taken from After the Revolution. 5. Navarro and Bourque, “Fault Lines of Democratic Governance: A Gender Perspective ,” 175. 6. Ibid., 176. 7. Ibid., 182. 8. Araújo & García, “The experience and the impact of quotas in Latin America,” 100. 9. Huntington, The Third Wave. 10. Waylen, Gender in Third World Politics, 118. 11. Recent examples include: Domínguez and Shifter (2003), Diamond et al. (1997), Domínguez and Lindenberg (1996), Domínguez and Lowenthal (1996), Tulchin (1995), Linz and Stepan (1996). 12. For a recent example see Nicholas Guilhot, The Democracy Makers. 13. Diamond, “Introduction: In search of Consolidation,” XIV. 14. Domínguez and Lindenberg, Democratic Transitions in Central America, 2. 15. Interview with Iris Echenagusía, Havana, June 29, 2002. 16. Kvinna till Kvinna, Engendering the Peace Process, 14. 17. Carver, Gender is not a Synonym for Women, 120. 18. Parvikko, “Conceptions of Gender Equality: Similarity and Difference,” 48. 19. Bengelsdorf, “On the problem of studying women in Cuba,” 41. 20. Ibid. 21. Interview with Ricardo Alarcón, Havana, March 20, 2003. 22. See the appendix for the information contained in this document. Chapter 1. Gender Roles in the Revolutionary War 1. Luciak, After the Revolution. 2. Stubbs, “Revolutionizing Women, Family, and Power,” 190. 3. López Vigil, Neither Heaven nor Hell, 148. 4. Ibid. 5. Wickham-Crowley, Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America, 21. 6. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 132. 7. Interview with María Teresa Peña, Havana, July 1, 2002. 8. Luciak, After the Revolution, Chapter 1. 9. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 127. 10. Smith and Padula, Sex and Revolution, 24; Shayne, The Revolution Question, 122; Anderson, Che, 234. 11. Díaz and González, “The Self-Emancipation of Women,” 20. 12. Anderson, Che, 234–36. 13. Ibid., 276. 14. Smith and Padula, Sex and Revolution, 30. 15. Ibid., 27. 16. Ibid., 28–29. 17. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 132. 18. Anderson, Che, 321. 19. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 132. 20. Wickham-Crowley, Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America, 21. 21. Díaz and González, “The Self-Emancipation of Women,” 20. 22. Interview with Nieves Alemañy, Havana, March 21, 2003. 23. Smith and Padula, Sex and Revolution, 30. 24. Ibid., 31. 25. Ibid., 24. 26. Ibid., 25. 27. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 132–33. 28. Smith and Padula, Sex and Revolution, 28. 29. Anderson, Che, 320–21. 30. Smith and Padula, Sex and Revolution, 28. 31. I am grateful to Lorraine Bayard de Volo for bringing the historical importance of these two women fighters to my attention. 32. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 133. 33. Shayne, The Revolution Question, 20. 34. Ibid., 34, 133. 35. Interview with Mavis Álvarez, Havana, Nov. 13, 2002. 36. Interview with Sonia Moro, Havana, Nov. 13, 2002. 37. Ibid. 38. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 128. 39. See Kampwirth (2002, 2004) and Shayne (2004) for similar arguments. 40. See Luciak, After the Revolution, chapter 1, for a discussion of the Central American revolutionary movements and their gender composition. 41. Anderson, Che, 356–59. 42. Ibid., 400–401. Chapter 2. Changing Gender Relations:The Social and Economic Sphere after 1959 1. See the epigraph for a similar emphasis by Fidel Castro, speech delivered at the conclusion of the Fifth National Plenary of the FMC, Dec. 9, 1966, cited in Stone, Women and the Cuban Revolution, 48. 118 / Notes to Pages 2–13 2. Interview with Nieves Alemañy, Havana, March 21, 2003. 3. Randall, Gathering Rage, 37. 4. Ibid., 16. 5. Harris, Marxism, Socialism, and Democracy in Latin America, 188. 6. Stubbs, “Cuba: Revolutionizing Women, Family, and Power,” 192. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 191. 9. Díaz and González, “The Self-Emancipation of Women,” 20. 10. Stubbs, “Cuba: Revolutionizing Women, Family, and Power,” 198. 11. Molyneux, “Mobilization Without Emancipation,” 282–83. 12. Molyneux’s distinction of practical versus strategic gender interests is not without controversy in feminist circles. I consider her categories helpful in understanding Cuban reality. 13. Molyneux, “Mobilization Without Emancipation,” 284. 14. For a discussion of Sandinista policies toward women, see Luciak, The Sandinista Legacy, chapter 6. 15. Molyneux...