Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World

Notes

Notes Chapter 1. Urbanism in Prehispanic Andes 1. Direct quotations from the chronicles are taken from the most recent English translations of that work. Where no such work is cited, however, the translation is my own from the latest Spanish edition. Chapter 2. Inka Architecture and Urban Buildings 1. The characteristic batter of inka structural walls, externally and internally, is generally between 2° and 7°, that is, between 3.5% and 12.25% (e.g., Protzen 1999: 196). The extremes can range from almost vertical, such as the internal rear wall of Qorikancha R-1, which is 1.5° (2.62%) for the lower 1.63m to the niche base and only 0.5° (0.88%) for the 1.84m above (Puelles 2005: 154), to as much as 15° (26.8%) (Kendall 1985: 23). 2. The trapezoidal form is characteristic of inka doorways, niches, and windows. It was aesthetically pleasing to the eye but also a subtle technique to add structural strength to those walls that have been perforated by a door, because the shape is achieved by corbelling . Such a form would also slightly reduce the required length of the lintel. 3. Tapia is a large adobe block, sometimes several meters in length and between 1m and 1.5m tall. It is generally manufactured in situ by building a wooden frame on top of footings or a wall, filling it with rammed clay, dried grass, and small stones, and allowing it to fully dry before removing the frame. 4. The chakitaqlla is the andean footplow with a fire-hardened or metal blade, generally used for digging heavy soils. 5. A stepped niche has the form of two stepped-frets side by side. It may be like a stepped-pyramid or the inverse. 6. Manyaraki is a district in Ollantaytambo with a plaza, located below the main temple on the opposite side of the Patakancha river to Qosqo Ayllu. 7. In her definition, Muñóz (2007: 257) suggested that a kallanka should have a minimum length of at least 40m. 8. Guaman Poma (1980: 330 [332]) listed the names of fourteen buildings associated with royal palaces: Cuyusmango Uaci, Quinco Uaci (curved house), Muyo Uaci (round house), Carpa Uaci (pavilion), Moyo Uaci, Uauya Condo Uaci, Marca Uaci (nobles’ house), Punona Uaci (dormitory), Churacona Uaci (storehouse), Aca uasi (chichería), Masana Uaci (drying house), Camachicona Uaci (counsel house), Uaccha Uaci (almshouse ), and Suntor uasi (round tower). 9. I have recorded the remains of eight large halls in the Outer Heartland (table 2.7). All can be readily identified in the field, although their subsequent reuse and remodeling as well as farming and road construction have meant that none are intact. For example, the Casa de la Ñusta in Yucay lacks its rear wall and part of its side walls, while the façade of Canchispukyo in the Qochoq valley was removed during road construction. 10. There are two seqe waka with this suffix: Warupuncu (AN-3:1), a bridge to enter the city near Qorikancha, and a pass, Puncu (QO-9:13), on the southern edge of the valley (Cobo 1990: 65, 77). Chapter 3. Canons of Inka Settlement Planning 1. According to Visitas, compiled in the 1560s on the basis of interviews with provincial leaders who held khipu records of their obligations to the inkas, the province of Huánuco provided 400 stone masons for work in Cusco and 400 farmers to cultivate land there (Ortiz de Zuñiga 1967), while Lupaqa province provided people to build houses and walls in Cusco and elsewhere as well as others to prepare fields and to farm there, too (Garci Diez de San Miguel 1964). 2. Following Gibaja’s 1982 work, Lisbet Bengtsson (1998: 79–85) excavated under a large stone block, weighing about 70 metric tons, on the road at the base of the ramp in Ollantaytambo. She found evidence of several poles used lengthwise as a track on which to slide the rock. 3. Its name combines an ethnographically known unit of length (waska) and the word ñañu or llañu, which means a narrow thing; the translation may be a “narrow measuring cord.” 4. Trichocereus cuzcoensis, known today as hawak’ollay, is probably the cactus that Betanzos (1996: 70) referred to as haguacolla quisca. Gade (1975: 192) recorded that it is a tall columnar cactus that grows at altitudes between 2,800m and 3,600m in the Vilcanota valley, where its gum is used as a glue and that it...