A Documentary History of Modern Iraq

Contents

Contents Introduction / 1 1. Ottoman Mesopotamia, 1903–1920 / 17 The Wedding of Regina, 1903 / 18 Lt. Col. Sir Mark Sykes on Mosul, 1906 / 21 The Young Turk Proclamation of 1908 / 24 Jafar al-Askari on Corrupt Ottoman Administration in Iraq / 25 Sultan Abdul Hamid Deposed, 1909 / 29 Tribal Rebellion near Mosul, 1909 / 30 Baghdad Petition, 1910 / 33 British Military Rule in Basra / 39 The Horrors of World War I / 42 The Proclamation of Baghdad, 19 March 1917 / 45 The War Viewed from Baghdad / 47 2. The British Mandate, 1920–1932 / 53 Iraqi Nationalism / 55 Nationalist Poetry / 61 The Revolt of 1920 / 62 Lawrence of Arabia Opposes Iraqi Mandate / 66 Winston Churchill Outlines Middle East Policy / 69 The Kurdish “Election” of King Faysal / 74 King Faysal’s Coronation Speech, 1921 / 78 Shi’is Oppose (Rigged) Elections / 81 3. The Hashemite Monarchy, 1932–1941 / 89 Faysal Expresses Intention to Protect Minorities, 1932 / 90 Pan-Arab Nationalism / 93 Faysal I Promotes Pan-Arabism, 1932 / 99 The Assyrian Affair, 1933 / 102 The Bakr Sidqi Coup of 1936 / 107 Rising Anti-Semitism in Baghdad / 113 The Shi’i Celebration of Ashura / 115 Elegy to the Poor / 121 4. Ending the Old Regime, 1941–1958 / 125 The Farhud / 126 Rules for American Soldiers in Iraq during World War II / 130 The Treaty of Portsmouth, 15 January 1948 / 133 Intellectual Life in Baghdad / 137 Poverty in Baghdad / 140 The Evolution of a Communist / 143 Law No. 1 of 1950 / 147 The Exodus of Kurdish Jews / 148 Life in a Shi’i Village / 154 5. The Revolutionary Era, 1958–1968 / 160 American Response to Qasim’s Coup d’État / 161 Corruption and Inequality / 166 An American View of Revolutionary Iraq / 173 Mutiny in Mosul, March 1959 / 176 The Social Lives of Women in Revolutionary Iraq / 182 The Kurdish Revolt, 1961–1963 / 187 6. Consolidating Ba’thist Power, 1968–1979 / 193 U.S. Response to the Ba’thist Coup, July 1968 / 194 The Ba’thist Constitution, 1970 / 195 The Jewish Exodus under the Ba’th / 198 Pan-Arab Cultural Production / 206 Women in Ba’thist Iraq / 209 History and Ba’thist Totalitarianism / 212 The United States Considers Assistance to Kurds, 1972 / 214 The 1974–1975 War in Kurdish Iraq / 215 Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and the Principle of Social Justice / 220 Ba’thist Response to Shi’i Protests, 1979 / 223 7. The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1990 / 229 Saddam Hussein Justifies the War / 230 The Iran-Iraq War through a General’s Eyes / 235 The United States Supports Ba’thist Iraq / 239 The Iran-Iraq War through a Soldier’s Eyes / 244 The Front Line / 248 The Home Front / 254 Al Anfal / 258 The End of the War / 261 8. The Persian Gulf War and Sanctions, 1990–2002 / 265 Ambassador April Glaspie Meets with Saddam Hussein / 267 “Null and Void”: UN SC Res 662, 9 August 1990 / 271 “All Necessary Means”: UN SC Res 678, 29 November 1990 / 272 The Persian Gulf War Experienced in Baghdad / 273 The Persian Gulf War Wreaks Regional Havoc / 278 “After the Storm”: Winning the War, but Losing the Peace / 281 Denis Halliday Protests the Sanctions Regime / 285 The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 / 287 The Deleterious Effects of Sanctions on Iraqi Women / 288 9. The Invasion of Iraq, 2001–2003 / 300 Saddam Hussein Responds to 9/11 / 302 Brent Scowcroft Opposes Invasion of Iraq / 303 President Bush Argues for War / 306 An Iraqi Elegy to Baghdad / 312 The Battle of Nasiriyah / 315 The Occupation of Baghdad / 320 The Pillaging of the National Museum / 323 Saddam Hussein Responds to Invasion / 328 President Bush’s “Mission Accomplished” Speech / 330 10. The Occupation of Iraq under the Coalition Provisional Authority, 2003–2004 / 336 Civilians and the Front Line / 337 Lt. Paul Bremer Forms a Governing Council / 339 Women during the Iraq War / 343 A Sunni Insurgent / 347 Shi’i Disillusionment / 353 The Rules of Engagement / 357 The Coffins of Muqdadiyah / 359 Operation Devil Siphon / 362 The Lot of Children / 367 Secondary Source Material / 373 Acknowledgments / 375 Index / 381 This page intentionally left blank ...