A Civil Society Deferred: The Tertiary Grip of Violence in the Sudan

Index

Aba Island, 55–56 'Abd al-Karim Karoma, 104–5 'Abd al-Qadir wad Haboba, 26, 49 'Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, Sayyid, 18, 54–56, 106, 107, 111, 113, 186 'Abdullah Abd al-Rahman, 150 'Abdullahi al-Ta'ashi, 81. See also al-Khalifa 'Abdullahi 'Abu al-Gasim Håshim, 103 Abu Roaf Society, 112, 154 African beliefs, 39, 141, 145–46, 169, 173, 181 African ethnicity, xi, 5–6; British perception of, 38, 141; as differentiator in Sudan, 7–9, 166–71 Afro-Arab relationship: antagonisms of, 8–9; skin color as differentiator, 6, 8; Sudanese perceptions of, 166–70 Agriculture, 15, 18, 82, 122–23, 126; Gezira irrigation scheme, 81, 134, 159–63, 182, 202n18 A˙med Khair, 152, 154 A˙med Pasha 'Urabi, 132, 138, 179, 203n18 A˙med wad Så∂, 42, 43–44, 45, 48–49, 89, 90, 101, 178, 212n25 Al-Azhar, 114, 148 Al-Azza Mo˙mmad 'Abdullah, 109 Al-Fagr Society, 154 Al-Farwah, 96–97 'Ali 'Abd al-Latif, 3–4, 106, 108–10, 137 'Ali A˙med Sali˙, 109, 158 'Ali al-Mirghani, Sayyid, 18, 59, 60, 102, 106–7, 111, 113, 186, 191 'Ali Dinar, 52–53 Index 'Ali Effendi Gifoon, 118–19 'Ali wad Almi, 26, 51 'Ali wad Óilu, 48, 97, 98 Al-Khalifa, 'Abdullahi: actions after battle of Omdurman, 47, 100; death of, 48–49; foreign contacts of, 89; Omdurman and, 96–97; poetry in honor of, 44, 89; as successor to al-Mahdi, 19, 93, 204n41; Sufism and, 56–57 Al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi, 103, 106 Al-Masi˙ al-dajjal, 48, 50 Al-Ratib, 95 Al-Sudan (newspaper), 86 Al-Suq al-Afranji, 70–71 Al-Suq al-'Arabi, 71–72 Al-Tuhami Mo˙ammad 'Osman, 109, 158 Al-Zubair Ra˙ma Manßūr, 17, 19, 124–31, 177–78 'Amara Doungas, 115 Anglo-Egyptian condominium government : agreement for, 197–99; army of, 73, 78; British-Egyptian relations during , 147; description of, 27–28, 40–41, 146–47, 181; history of, xv, 3, 131–35; impact of, xv, 180; leaders of (see Lord Cromer; Kitchener, Horatio Herbert; Slatin, Rudolf; Wingate, Francis Reginald ); as new colonial model, 181; problems with, 29, 134–35; rebellion against, 49–51, 52, 53 (see also Revolution of 1924); repression of Sudanese civic activities , 65. See also British colonial state; British colonization Ansår (religious group): antagonism Index · 233 toward, 110; anticolonialism of, 45; connection with Mahdism, 90–91; consolidation of power of, 19; development of, 18, 44; economic interests of, 54–55; as political entity, 63–64, 138, 191 'Antara, 7–8, 203n27 Anticolonialism: against Turko-Egyptian regime, 61 (see also Mahdist revolution); 'Ali Dinar and, 52; of Ansår, 45; British reaction to, 64, 131–32, 148–49, 155; Egyptian, 136–37; impact on current situation, 67; labor unions and, 158–59; literature of, 49, 107; magnet for other African activists, 89, 180; nonreligious trend, 106; Omdurman as symbol of, 99–100. See also Collaboration with colonial powers; Resistance Arabic culture, 150–51, 166; Egypt and, 137 Arabic language, 120, 169; importance in sense of community, 11–12, 16, 17–18, 60; spread of Islam and, 9 Arab(s), the: British concern and perception about, 38–39, 79, 140–41, 145–46, 148; descriptor and differentiator of Sudan, 3, 39, 141, 146, 148, 151, 166–71; perception of by black Africans, 8–9; view of skin color, 8 Army, private slave (bazinger): Khartoumers ’, 121; al-Mahdi’s, 19, 97, 130–31, 178; al-Zubair’s, 21, 129; as security for the state, 123 Army, Sudanese: as commodity, 20, 119; Mahdist army (jihadiyya), 19–21, 47, 91–92, 96–97, 130–31, 178; Mu˙ammad 'Ali slave army (jihadiyya), 20, 118; national, 108–10 'Arråqi, white-, workers, xv, 63, 161–63, 187, 189, 202n18 Arthur Gaitskell, 159–62 'A†bara, 72, 113, 157; railways and, 155–56; workers trade unions and, 158 Autoreferential racism, 172, 173, 176, 181 Azande, 120, 124. See also Zande Babikr Bedri, 93–94 Ba˙r al-Ghazål: economic aspects of, 51, 122; Islamic influence in, 184; jallaba in, 127; Mahdist revolution and, 130, 178; as trans-Saharan route, 126; al-Zubair and, 124, 127, 129 Bara, 126, 127 Bayt al-Mal. See State treasury Bazinger. See Army, private slave Blue-collar workers, xv, 63, 158–59, 162–63, 182, 187, 189, 202n18 Boutros Ghali, 28, 134, 199 British colonial state: control of, 201n13; definition of, xiv, 24, 101; development of, 35...