Violence, Ritual, and the Wari Empire: A Social Bioarchaeology of Imperialism in the Ancient Andes

Figures

Figures 3.1. Map of Peru marking Wari area 28 3.2. Map of Ayacucho Basin 36 3.3. Map of Conchopata 42 3.4. Satellite image of Majes and surrounding valleys 47 3.5. Aerial photo of Beringa in the Majes valley 47 3.6. Map of Beringa (all sectors) in the Majes valley 50 3.7. Map of Sector A at Beringa in the Majes valley 51 3.8. Photos of Wari-influenced ceramics and textiles recovered from Beringa 52 4.1. Age-at-death distribution for Huarpa and Wari individuals at Conchopata 63 4.2. Huarpa ceramic vessels interred with Huarpa-era burials in EA100 64 4.3. Ceramic vessel with fetus 67 4.4. Cinnabar on old adult female cranium and on mandible and dentition from a child 68 4.5. Map of Conchopata showing burial locations of individuals with known haplogroup 74 4.6. Strontium isotope ratios from Conchopata burials 78 4.7. Histogram of the“trimmed” strontium isotope ratios from Conchopata burials 79 4.8. Typical burial treatment for infants at Conchopata and tomb of nonlocal infant 85 4.9. Age-at-death distribution for Beringa individuals (Middle Horizon) 88 4.10. Beringa Tomb Types I–V 89 4.11. La Real age-at-death distribution 92 4.12. Age-at-death distributions for Conchopata, Beringa, and La Real (Middle Horizon only) 94 4.13. Adult sex distributions for Conchopata, Beringa, and La Real populations 96 5.1. Colles’ fracture of left radius and associated fracture and nonunion of left ulna 104 x  Figures 5.2. Healed head wound on right frontal bone of adult male from Conchopata (Wari era) 107 5.3. Locations of head wounds on Wari-era Conchopata adults 109 5.4. Weapons from Conchopata 115 5.5. Ceramic urn fragments and bottle 117 5.6. Drawing of the“Eagle Warrior” and“Jaguar Warrior” 118 5.7. Depictions of Inka-era stonings and warfare violence (from Murúa manuscript ) 120 5.8. Rib fractures on elderly female from Conchopata 122 5.9. Cranial trauma on Beringa adults 124 5.10. Locations of head wounds on Beringa adults 125 5.11. Colles’ fractures on left radii and associated fracture on ulna (bones from Beringa) 126 5.12. Probable parry fracture of left ulna and radius; parry fracture on left ulna (bones from Beringa) 127 5.13. Possible weapons from Beringa 130 5.14. Ectocranial and endocranial views of healed wound on left frontal bone, posterior to orbit (crania from La Real) 132 5.15. Healed head wound on right parietal boss; healed wounds on left frontal bone (crania from La Real) 132 5.16. Juvenile cranium with perimortem fracture on parietal bone (cranium from La Real) 133 5.17. Locations of head wounds on La Real adults 134 5.18. Locations of head wounds on La Real males and females 136 5.19. Healed fracture on left tibia; healed spiral fracture on left tibia (bones from La Real) 138 5.20. Men engaged in tinku (ritual fighting); injured man 140 5.21. Possible helmet from the site of La Real 142 5.22. Wound locations on female crania from the three sites in this study 144 6.1. Iconography on Wari ceramics 152 6.2. Nasca-style trophy heads 154 6.3. Map of EA143, circular ritual room at Conchopata 158 6.4. Ritual rooms at Conchopata 159 6.5. In situ trophy heads on the floor of EA143 161 6.6. Trophy head mandible with chop marks 163 6.7. Trophy head mandibles with cut marks 164 6.8. Cut marks on other areas of the trophy heads 165 6.9. Damaged axis from a juvenile trophy head 165 6.10. Conchopata trophy heads with hole at the osteometric point, bregma 167 Figures  xi 6.11. Intentionally drilled holes on occipital bones from Conchopata trophy heads 168 6.12. Intentionally drilled holes on the ascending ramus of Conchopata trophy heads 169 6.13. Trophy hand phalanges from Conchopata 171 6.14. Conchopata trophy heads with trauma 176 6.15. Cribra orbitalia frequencies of Middle Horizon Andean adults 177 6.16. Strontium isotope ratios from Conchopata burials and Conchopata trophy heads 183 6.17. Boxplots of strontium isotope ratios for the Conchopata burials and Conchopata trophy heads 183 6.18. Strontium isotope ratios for bone-tooth pairs from Conchopata trophy heads 187 6.19. Ceramic iconography, showing Wari dieties, one...