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Illustrations Figure 4.1. Brazil: Percentage of illiteracy (in population 25 years old or older), 1999 96 Figure 4.2. Brazil: Average level of education, cohorts and color 97 Figure 4.3. Brazil: Percentage of adults with x years of education, 1999 97 Figure 4.4. Brazil: Percentage of unemployment by gender and color, 1999 98 Figure 4.5. The total of the students interviewed (classified by their own choice of skin color) 101 Figure 4.6. How the students identified the majority of the Brazilian population by race 101 Figure 4.7. How the students identified the Brazilian population by majority (by self-designated skin color) 102 Figure 4.8. Students who thought inequalities are generated by race/color 102 Figure 4.9. Students’ opinions of quotas 103 Figure 4.10. Students who thought that quotas could contribute to the suppression of inequalities generated by race/color 104 Figure 4.11. Students who would use quota criteria to enter the university 104 Figure 4.12. Students acquainted with affirmative action policies and the quota system 105 Figure 4.13. Students who had discussed the questions raised 106 Figure 4.14. Students who chose as the best criterion phenotype, ancestry, or self-definition, or who didn’t agree with any of the criteria 108 Figure 5.1. Map of Cholula (1581) 121 Figure 5.2. Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, fols. 26v-27r (ca. 1545–65) 122 Figure 5.3. “Vida y sueños de la cañada Perla,” comunidad de Taniperla, Chiapas (1998) 136 Figure 5.4. Esta es nuestra palabra . . . (1998) 142 Figure 6.1. Preliminary map of ayllus and rural communities in the Department of Potosí (end of the twentieth century) 158 Figure 6.2. Detail of the “Mapa preliminar” 159 viii / Illustrations Figure 6.3. Preliminary map of ayllus and ethnic identities, Chayanta Province (end of the twentieth century) 160 Figure 6.4. Atlas of the ayllus of Chayanta, vol. 1, Suni Territories (1994) 162 Figure 6.5. García Linera’s autonomous model of the Bolivian state 179 Figure 6.6. The proposal by the Indigenous Block (2004) 181 Figure 6.7. The reterritorialization proposed by the vice ministry of decentralization in the MAS government 182 Figures 6.8 a and b. The proposal by the Camba Nation of Santa Cruz (2004) 183 Figures 6.9 a and b. An early proposal for a dual state 185 ...

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