Human Rights as War by Other Means: Peace Politics in Northern Ireland

Notes

NOTES Chapter 1. Whose Rights and Whose Peace? 1. Pseudonyms—indicated by quotation marks on first occurrence—are used throughout the book because research was conducted on the understanding that anonymity would be protected. When more contextual information would make a person more recognizable, such as the neighborhood where he or she lives and works, I omit this information. I have altered pseudonyms each chapter to prevent cumulative recognition . Actual names are used by mutual agreement only. 2. IRA and PIRA are often used interchangeably. PIRA is the main republican paramilitary grouping that was active during the conflict, advocating a united Ireland. PIRA distinguishes the mainstream group from smaller factions like the RIRA, and the Official IRA, from which PIRA split in 1969. See the glossary entry for PIRA for more information. 3. Since 1997, when severe disorder and intimidation surrounding Orange parades displaced many families, mobile phones have been distributed to local leaders to monitor the community tensions. Using the phones, they contact leaders in neighboring communities and attempt to defuse situations. Jarman 1999b, an anthropologist who has worked extensively with grassroots conflict resolution groups, worked with the establishment of the first mobile phone network and describes its rationale, formation, and effects. 4. For published accounts of respective republican and unionist critiques, see McIntyre 2008 and Vance 2008. 5. Following the Irish War of Independence, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two jurisdictions, the Irish Free State in twenty-six southern counties and Northern Ireland in six northern counties. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom . See glossary entries for “Partition” and “Republic.” 6. Funding for research in Belfast was provided by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and the U.S. Institute of Peace. 7. Special precautions regarding my travel, notes, and recordings were necessary to protect the identities of research participants. The legitimate anxiety, mistrust, and outright fear people felt after years of violence required conducting myself so as not to exacerbate fear. I resided in the city center and organized my schedule so as not to cross 218 Notes to Pages 5–18 peace lines. Crisscrossing the lines between areas in west Belfast can be highly suspicious , if not downright dangerous, even in relatively “peaceful” times. 8. I have never engaged in a study of paramilitarism, and, although I met and worked with people who had paramilitary connections, I was not concerned with past or current paramilitary affiliations and did not inquire into or gather information about these activities. 9. See Meehan and Murphy 2008; Hart and Hanley 2005; Ryan, Meehan, and O’Riordan 2005; Hart 2005; Boldt and Ó Ceilleachair 2005; Ryan 2005. 10. See Bourgois 2001, 2003 for a review of how different types of violence have been categorized and the embedding of violence in everyday life after conflict. 11. Full text available online at the Cain Web Service, cain.ulst.ac.uk/. Adams was speaking during a suspension of power sharing, at a time when unionists were pressing for decommissioning. 12. “Spectacular” is a term used by paramilitaries to refer to major bombs that cause tremendous property damage and often human casualties. 13. Members of the legislature created by the GFA are called MLAs. See glossary entry. 14. “Provo” and “provie” are colloquial terms for members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. See glossary entry for “PIRA.” 15. Henry McDonald, “Opinion: How the Provos ‘Sold Out’,” November 19, 2008, BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 16. Internment without trial of suspected paramilitaries was introduced in the early years of the conflict. See glossary entry for “Internment.” 17. Called the Twelfth, it commemorates the Battle of the Boyne, where forces for a Protestant claimant to the British throne, William of Orange, defeated armies for his rival Catholic claimant, James. The battle took place in eastern Ireland. See glossary entries for “Twelfth” and “Orange Order.” 18. Named for U.S. senator George Mitchell, who facilitated the peace talks, these were undertakings to use nonviolent tactics for political change. For some republicans, this was a renunciation of the moral authority of the armed struggle for Irish sovereignty. 19. The UK voted in the UN for adoption in 1948. It signed both covenants in 1968 and ratified them in 1976. Ireland signed the covenants in 1973 and ratified them in 1989. 20. UK residents’ right of individual petition was not established until 1966. 21. The UK signed the charter in 1961 and ratified it in 1962. Ireland signed the charter in...