index Acaxée Indians, 120, 125 Africans, 41, 124, 137, 209 agency, of small groups, 32 ‘‘age of exploration,’’ 5 agriculture, 26, 97, 120, 124, 125, 346n12 Ahler, Stanley, 106 Alabama Indians, 65 Alamos (real de minas), 187, 188, 198–203, 206, 207, 382n56, 383n57 alcaldes, 39, 135, 243 alcohol, 41, 88 Algonquian speakers, 52, 80, 171 Álvarez, Salvador, 187 American Fur Company, 108, 352n75 American Revolution, 89, 208, 209, 216; debt of European empires and, 210; westward expansion following, 301, 311 Ancán Amún, 152 Andros, Edmund, 85 Anglocentrism, 31–32 Anishinaabeg Indians, 52, 56 Antonio, Bishop, 146 Antonio de Merlo, Miguel, 143 Antonio el Pinto, 233 Antuna, Chief, 175 Anza, Juan Bautista de, 319 Apache Indians, 16, 59, 67, 230, 242, 399n21; ‘‘Apaches del Nabajú,’’ 232; as auxiliaries of Spanish army, 289, 290, 296, 297; Comanche raids on, 44, 282, 364n31; disease outbreaks among, 178; exile of Apache prisoners, 172, 372n43; farming and, 167, 168, 370n13; Gila (Gileño), 59, , 179, 232; Hispanicized and Christianized, 168–176; Mimbreño, 59, , 177, 182, 183; in mining centers, 204, 206; missionization of, 289, 292; New Mexico culture of Indian slavery and, 247; raiding and nomadic mobility of, 36, 289; received notions of, 26; resistance to United States, 70; Spanish treaties with, 92; Western Apaches, 164, 175. See also Chiricahuas; Mescaleros; reservations, Apache Apacherı́a, 166, 167, 169; buffalo hunting in, 177; failed missionization of, 282; map of, ; Spanish military campaigns in, 171 Appalachian mountains, 35, 89, 90, 311 Arapaho Indians, 45, 48, 113, 257 Araucanian Indians, 16 archaeology, 101, 102, 322, 407n43, 408n45 Arellano, Manuel, 296 Argentina, 2, 144, 185 Arikara Indians, 44, 48, 95; drought and, 97; ecological problems and, 348n28; population of, 110, 353n97; smallpox among, 106, 113, 354n102 Arizona, 301, 319, 320, 322 Arkansas Valley, Native peoples of, 160 Armijo (Navajo headman), 255–56 Armijo, Governor, 251, 252, 396n53 asientos, 148 Assiniboine Indians, 106, 108 Atlantic Ocean, on map, Atsina Indians, 113 Augustinian order, 39 Austin, Moses, 217, 221–22, 224 Australia, land appropriation in, 77 Aviles, Manuel Marı́a de, 201 Avilés, Viceroy, 153 Azara, Félix de, 153 Aztec empire, 13, , 319 Aztlán, 319–322, , 407n43, 407nn39–40 Babcock, Matthew, 26, 186 Baca, Bartolomé, 249 Baca, Francisco, 246 Bacon’s Rebellion, 40 Bacoregui Indians, 196, 380n37 414 Index Bailey, Lynn, 246, 396n57 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 311 Ball, Eve, 170 Banner, Stuart, 73, 341n19 baptisms, 127, 128, 130, 213; of Apaches, 170, 171, 249; of Navajos, 248, 395n38; parish records of mining districts, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 382n56, 383n57; reducciones and, 134; statistics on, 135 Bárbaros (Weber), 92 Barbastro, Antonio, 180 Barr, Juliana, 288 Barton, Benjamin Smith, 316, 319, 320, 406n38 Bartram, John, 306–8, 309, 310–11, 312, 316 Bartram, William, 307, 308, 316 Basilio, Tomás, 133 Battlefield and Classroom (Pratt), 271 Bear’s Heart, 258 Beaver Wars, 231 Benites, Antonio Rafael, 171 Bent, George, 395n53 Berlo, Janet Catherine, 260, 265, 266, 267 Big Bow, 264, 266, 272 bison (buffalo), 26, 44, 110, 177; Comanche– Apache relations and, 164; in economy of Great Plains, 287; float bison, 97, 345n10; horses and hunting of, 104; on northern Plains, 97, 345n8; Sioux control of hunting territories for, 106, 107; staged ‘‘buffalo’’ hunts, 269; warrior identity and, 259 Blackfeet Indians, 48, 106, 113 Blackhawk, Ned, 27 Black Legend, 25, 76, 77–78 blood talk, 230, 231, 237, 240, 245, 252 Boller, Henry, 352n74 Bolton, Herbert E., 23 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 217 Boone, Daniel, 217, 301–2, 304, 401n1 borderlands, 1, 24, 31, 115–16, 123; academic studies on, 184; beyond control of European empires, 60; commercial exchanges in, 154; contact zones in, 55; ecological transitions in, 140; historians of, 278; homelands as, 32; Indian autonomy and, 47, 330n5; Indian uprisings in, 143; Jesuit missions in, 127; of New Mexico, 285; overlapping communities in, 291; Pampean, 144, 146, 148; plural sovereignties in, 229; of U.S. Southwest, 300–301; vegetation and climate in, 121, 122; violence in, 186, 338n52 borders, 1, 8, 18; imperial leading to national zones, 22; redefinition of, 23; stabilization of, 145 Borrows, John, 344n55 Boston News-Letter, 313, 314 Bourbon Reforms, 147 Boyd, E., 294 Brading, David, 320 Brazil, 22, 78, 145, 159. See also Portuguese empire Bridenbaugh, Carl, 31 Brokaw, Galen, 274 Brooks, James, 246, 280 Brugge, David, 248 Buenos Aires province, 26, 142, 145; economy of, 148, 155, 157; establishment of southern border of, 149; as frontier society, 147, 363n22; thin Spanish settlement of, 185 Buffon...