notes Introduction 1. Consider a sequence of fairly recent collections and syntheses, beginning three decades ago with David G. Sweet and Gary B. Nash, eds., Struggle and Survival in Colonial America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) and continuing through with the following publications : Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov and M. Thomas Hatley, eds., Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989); Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Implicit Understanding: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1994); Andrew R. L. Catton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: America Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, – (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Donna J. Guy and Thomas E. Sheridan, eds., Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998); Alan Taylor, American Colonies (New York: Viking, 2001); Daniel Vickers, ed., A Companion to Colonial America (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003); the most recent edition of Colonial America: Essays in Political and Social Development, ed. Stanley Nider Katz, Douglas Greenberg, David J. Silverman, and Denver Brunsman (New York: Routledge, 2011); Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), and Before the Revolution: America’s Ancient Pasts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). To that list must be added David Weber’s two magisterial late-career books, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), and Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005). Ending the list at this point is an arbitrary choice. It could expand to include a long list of monographs and specialized articles, by many authors in addition to the ones who have contributed to this volume. Following Weber’s lead, the essays here make the collective point that to really understand ‘‘colonial America’’ we need to understand not just North America but the whole hemisphere. That point already is clear in the study of the development of slavery. We extend it to the study of American space and the people who contested to control it. 2. David J. Weber, ‘‘Foreword,’’ in Continental Crossroads: Remapping U.S.-Mexico Borderlands History, ed. Samuel Truett and Elliott Young (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), ix; Armando Cortesao, ‘‘António Pereira and His Map of Circa 1545: An Unknown Portuguese Cartographer and the Early Representation of Newfoundland, Lower California, the Amazon, and the Ladrones,’’ Geographical Review 29, no. 2 (April 1939), 205–225; Jerry Brotton, Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World (London: Reaktion, 1997), 82–83; Matthew H. Voss, 326 Notes to Pages 4–10 ‘‘ ‘In this sign you shall conquer’: The Cross of the Order of Christ in Sixteenth-Century Portuguese Cartography,’’ Terrae Incognitae 39 (January 2007), 24–37. 3. Barbara E. Mundy, The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1–9; Raymond B. Craib, ‘‘Cartography and Power in the Conquest and Creation of New Spain,’’ Latin American Research Review 35 (2000), 14 for ‘‘breathless progression’’; Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Exploration of Landscape and History (New York: Knopf, 1988), 349; J. Brian Harley, ‘‘Rereading the Maps of the Columbian Encounter,’’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992), 530; J. B. Harley, ‘‘Silences and Secrecy: The Hidden Agenda of Cartography in Early Modern Europe,’’ Imago Mundi 40 (1988), 57 for ‘‘political discourse,’’ 59–61, 68; Brotton, Trading Territories; Monique Pelletier, ‘‘Cartography and Power in France During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,’’ Cartographica 35 (Autumn/Winter 1998), 41–53; J. B. Harley, Maps and the Columbian Encounter (Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 97 for ‘‘tools of imperialism’’; Ricardo Padrón, The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Paul Mapp, The Elusive West and the Contest of Empire, – (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 2011). 4. Doreen Massey, For Space (London: Sage, 2005), 4, 5; Harley, ‘‘Silences and Secrecy,’’ 66; Harley, ‘‘Rereading the Maps,’’ 531 for ‘‘engulfing’’; Brotton, Trading Territories, 46–86. 5. Barbara E. Mundy, ‘‘Mapping the Aztec Capital: The 1524 Nuremberg...