Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia

Index

I n d e x ‘Abd al-Raḥmān III, 51, 56, 57, 116 Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Ali, 87 African slaves: fugitive slaves, 124, 125–26; gacis in Muslim Granada, 120; manumitted, 27, 136, 143, 144–45; owners’ categorization by skin color, ethnicity, and origin, 72–75, 76, 150; Portuguese slave trade, 22, 62–66, 69, 152–53; racial slavery in Americas, 150–51; religious brotherhoods/confraternities , 94–97. See also African slaves (North Africa); African slaves (sub-Saharan) African slaves (North Africa), 37; Berber slaves in Muslim Iberia, 18, 56, 72; and Charles III’s diplomatic ties with North African states, 26–27; military defense of Almería, 111; Muslim Iberian slave trade, 57–58; owners’ categorization by skin color, 74–75, 76; tattoos, 75 African slaves (sub-Saharan): animism, 194n68; dances, 96–97; health, 97; manumission, 143; Muslim Iberia’s slave trade, 18, 57–58; non-Muslim slave labor in Americas, 150–53, 214n10, 214–15n13; owners’ categorization by skin color, 73–74, 150; Portuguese slave trade, 22, 63–66; religion/conversion, 93–97; scars (cicatrices), 75–76 agricultural work, 5, 111–15; Christian Spain, 112–13; Muslim Iberia, 112; Roman Hispania , 111; sugar industry, 22, 109, 114–15, 153; Visigoths’ rural slaves, 111 ahorramiento, 130 Albillos, Bartolomé, 142 Albornoz, Bartolomé de, 157 Alcaraz, Leonor de, 130 Alcoi, 85 Alexander III, Pope, 59 alfaqueques, 50 Alfons II, 33 Alfonso V, 41–42 Alfonso VI, 32 Alfonso VIII, 49 Alfonso X, 21 Alicante, 43, 72, 74, 85, 136 Almadén, 31–32 Almería, 12, 13, 38–39, 42, 111 Americas, slavery in, 7, 22–23, 149–61; antislavery sentiment, 156–59; armed slaves in urban militias and guard units, 156; changes in institution of slavery, 22, 153–54, 160–61, 215n15; demise of slavery, 156–61; free black population, 155; fugitive slave communities, 125; labor needs, 150–53; labor of non-Muslim sub-Saharan Africans, 150–53, 214n10, 214–15n13; large-scale gang slavery and plantation agriculture, 23, 155–56; model for, 149; and Old World slavery traditions, 22, 153–54, 160–61, 215n15; Portuguese Brazil, 23, 149, 154–55, 158, 160; Portuguese slave trade, 22, 152–53; racial slavery, 150–51; reasons for not using African Muslim slaves, 152; reasons for not using Amerindian labor, 151, 152, 214–15n13; reasons for not using European labor, 151–52; and scholarly reinterpretations of domestic slavery, 5; slave societies, 22–23, 154; small-scale slavery, 23, 155 Amerindians, 151, 214–15n13; death rates, 151, 152; in Seville, 73 al-Andalus. See Muslim Iberia (al-Andalus) Andalusia: domestic slavery, 105; fugitive slaves, 126; internal slave market, 68; numbers of slaves, 24; slaves’ religions, 93 Andreoni, Giovanni Antonio, 158 Ángeles, María de los, 144 Angulo, Beatriz de, 139 anti-slavery sentiment in Latin America, 156–59 index 248 Arabian Peninsula, tradition of slavery on, 16–17, 32, 80, 168n16 Aranda Doncel, Juan, 199n10, 210n66 Arguëlles, Agustín de, 159 Arian Christianity, 16, 55, 123. See also Visigothic kingdom arráeces, 31 Arrais, Amador, 157 artisanry, 5, 106–9, 147; Christian Spain, 107–9; domestic slaves, 104, 105; Roman Hispania (commerce and manufacturing), 106, 147; salt production, 106–7; skilled craft guilds, 107, 108 Atarés, don Pedro de, 117–18 Avila, reconquest of, 33 Ayamonte, 72, 81 Azurara, 63 Badr (slave of al-Raḥman III), 116 Baldera, María la, 87 Balearic Islands: manumission by public and church authorities, 131; numbers of slaves, 24; reconquest and enslavement of Muslims , 33–34. See also Mallorca; Minorca baptism, 93, 133–34; and concubinage, 89; and manumission, 133–34; and slave marriage patterns, 91 Baqī ibn Makhlad, 45 Barbary pirates, 174n21 Barberà, Guillem de, 124 Barcelona: agricultural work, 112; artisanal workers, 107, 108; children born to slave mothers, 28–29; curfew, 99–100; domestic slavery, 105; fugitive slave laws, 123–24; internal slave market, 66; manumissions, 135, 137; men/women slaves, 85; numbers of slaves, 24; reenslavement, 142; religious brotherhoods of African Christians, 94; slaves’ names, 190n6; white slaves, 74 Bargas, Juan de, 140 Barrios Leme, Rodrigo de, 135 Basque provinces, 24 Batlle, Juan, 50 becoming a slave, 28–53; capture and enslavement of people born free, 32–53; children born to slave mothers, 28–29, 87–89, 147–48; children sold/abandoned into slavery , 29, 38–39; descaminants, 173n4; penal slavery, 29–32; self-sale into debt slavery, 29. See also capture and enslavement of freeborn people Belta, Hanz, 97 Benci, Jorge, 158 Benedict XIII, Pope (Pedro Martínez de...