No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security

Notes

N o t e s Introduction 1. ‘‘Text of Bush’s Address to Nation on Gorbachev’s Resignation,’’ New York Times online archive, December 26, 1991. 2. George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, ‘‘Toward a Nuclear-Free World,’’ Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2008. 3. Gareth Evans, ‘‘Bombs Away,’’ thedailynewsegypt.com, May 27, 2011. 4. This number is a conservative estimate of how many nuclear arms are actually ready for use; by the terms of New START, the United States and Russia will reduce operational warheads to 1,550 each. In addition to this 3,100 weapons, France, Britain, China, and the smaller powers have arsenals that together total another estimated 2,000 bombs. See Steven E. Miller, ‘‘Nuclear Weapons 2011: Momentum Slows, Reality Returns,’’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68, no. 1 (January-February 2012), and Jamshed Baruah, ‘‘Nuke-free World Optimism Fading Away,’’ IDN-InDepthNews, indepthnews.info, October 3, 2011. 5. Oliver Bloom, ‘‘Defence Secretary Liam Fox Offers New Thoughts on Trident Replacement,’’ Center for Strategic and International Studies, www.csis.org, July 10, 2010. 6. Exactly what kind of object the North Koreans launched into space was still unclear as of early 2013. Pyongyang, for its part, claims it was a satellite. See Robert Beckhusen, ‘‘One Small Step for Kim: North Korea Inches Closer to an ICBM,’’ The Danger Room, Wired.com, December 12, 2012, and Joe Cirincione, ‘‘One Small Step for Kim Jong Un,’’ CNN.com, December 13, 2012. 7. See, for example, Choe Sang-Hun, ‘‘North Korea Calls Hawaii and U.S. Mainland Targets,’’ New York Times, March 26, 2013, and Eric Talmadge ‘‘North Korea Nuclear Threats Make Japan Increasingly Nervous,’’ Associated Press, April 8, 2013. 8. Sharad Joshi, ‘‘Playing Politics: How the Regional Context Impedes Confronting Myanmar’s Alleged Nuclear Program,’’ Nuclear Threat Initiative Issue Brief, February 4, 2011. 9. The Chinese arsenal is so small it is not capable of a protracted or massive exchange, but the Chinese seem to have settled on a small force as a sufficient deterrent . See Jeffrey Lewis, The Minimum Means of Reprisal: China’s Search for Security in the Nuclear Age (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2007). 184 Notes to Pages 4–9 10. ‘‘Russia to Remain Nuclear Power Until Nukes Lose Their Deterring Role— General,’’ ITAR-TASS, December 17, 2010. Also see Pavel Felgenhauer, ‘‘New Military Doctrine Underscores Kremlin’s Aspirations to Become Regional Superpower,’’ Jamestown Report 28, no. 7, February 10, 2010. The actual document, ‘‘Voennaia doktrina Rossiiskoi Federatsii,’’ signed February 5, 2010, is available through the Russian president ’s office at kremlin.ru. 11. Quoted in Mary Beth Sheridan, Felicia Sonmez, and William Branigin, ‘‘New Arms Treaty with Russia Passes Key Hurdle,’’ Washington Post, December 21, 2010. 12. See, for example, Barry Schweid, ‘‘Panel Faults Obama on Arms Reduction Treaty,’’ Associated Press, May 5, 2010. Some of the negative reaction to New START also arose because the treaty quickly became a kind of exhibition of national security bona-fides by possible presidential challengers for the next election cycle. Former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, for example, weighed in against the treaty in late 2010; see Mitt Romney, ‘‘Stop START,’’ Boston Globe, December 3, 2010. 13. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology, and Logistics, ‘‘Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Nuclear Deterrence Skills,’’ September 2008, v. 14. Quoted in Anna Mulrine, ‘‘START Treaty: Mullen Delivers Tough Speech on Nuclear Weapons Agreement,’’ Christian Science Monitor, November 15, 2010. 15. Michael Krepon, ‘‘Numerology in the Second Nuclear Age,’’ IFRI Proliferation Papers no. 30, Fall 2009, www.ifri.org, 10. 16. Bernard Gwertzman, ‘‘Confronting a Nuclear Tipping Point,’’ an interview with George Shultz, Council on Foreign Relations, CFR.org, March 12, 2010. 17. George Lee Butler, ‘‘The General’s Bombshell: What Happened When I Called for Phasing Out the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal,’’ Washington Post, January 12 1997, C01. 18. Harold Feiveson, ed., The Nuclear Tipping Point (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1999), 35. 19. ‘‘Nuclear Weapons in Twenty-first Century U.S. National Security: Report by the Joint Working Group of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies,’’ Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2008. 20. See Stephen Walt, ‘‘Nuclear Posture Review (or Nuclear Public Relations?),’’ Foreign Policy, April 6, 2010, and Bruce Blair, quoted in Jonathan Weisman and Peter Spiegel, ‘‘U.S...