Cutting Along the Color Line: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America

Index

Index Abbott, Robert, 157 abolitionists, 17, 18, 42–45, 55–56, 265n100 Africans, 188, 203–6, 214 Afros, 217–18, 228, 236–41 Alabama, 65, 208, 221, 238, 239. See also Birmingham; Mobile; Montgomery; Selma Alexandria, Va., 131 Allison, Ebenezer, 31 Ambler, Gordon B., 139, 140, 286n119 American Anti-Slavery Society, 17 American Bar Association (ABA), 126 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 190, 192, 197 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 120–22 American Health and Beauty Aids Institute, 245 American Medical Association (AMA), 125, 126 Anderson, William, 19 Ann Arbor, Mich., 87 Antioch College, 192–94, 200 apprentices: enslaved, 20–21, 29–35, 259– 60n16, 262–63n63; free blacks as, 29–30, 259–60n16; fugitive slaves as, 41 Armstrong, James, 222, 226–27, 298n16 Arnett, Benjamin, 96 Arthur, Randolph, 239–40 Arthur Moler barber colleges, 127 Associated Master Barbers of America (AMBA), 166, 167, 208 Athens, Ga., 63–67 Atlanta, Ga., 68–70, 102, 127, 168, 169; barber shop locations in, 151, 152; barber shop ordinances proposed in, 135–36, 161; black insurance company in, 99–100; number and composition of barbers in, 63, 113–15; race riot of 1906 in, 81, 102–4. See also Herndon, Alonzo Atlanta Benevolent Protective Association, 99–100 Atlanta Constitution, 69, 117, 118, 135–36 Atlanta Independent, 102 Atlanta Life Insurance Company. See Atlanta Benevolent Protective Association Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association, 100, 151 Auburn, N.Y., 83 Baker, Ella, 215 Ballard, Hank, 236–37 Baltimore, Md., 64, 113, 114, 167–69 Banks, Nathaniel, 60–61 Barber and Beauty Culturists Union, Local 8, 169–70 barber colleges, 127–28, 141–42, 219, 250–51; for blacks, 166, 219–20, 229–30, 300n36 Barbershop (movie), 2 Barbershop 2 (movie), 249 Barbers’ Protective Association of Virginia (BPA), 132–33, 137, 141, 234–36 barber training, 209–10. See also apprentices; barber colleges Barclay, Edwin, 205 Barry, Marion, 224 bathhouses, 26–27, 29, 66 beauty industry, 244–45; black, 157, 244–45, 290n42 (see also black beauty shops) Beecher, Henry Ward, 54 Benito Cereno (Melville), 15–17, 74, 75 Benson, James E., 65 306 Index Berger, Molly, 26 Berlin, Ira, 22 Betts, William, 69 Bibb, Joseph, 2 Birmingham, Ala., 222, 226–27, 298n16 Birthright, W. C., 136–37 Bivins, Alexander, 139 Black Barbershop Health Outreach Program, 251–52 black barber shops: expenses of, 23, 24, 66, 67, 115–16, 148; equipment in, 24, 67, 116, 119; in hotels, 22, 23, 25, 38, 43, 69–71, 78–79, 84, 141, 204, 205; locations of, in cities, 8, 12, 69, 76, 108, 145, 150–57; owner-employee relations in, 5, 125, 141, 165 (see also wages). See also color-line barber shops; modern black barber shops black beauty shops, 11, 156, 170, 219, 244–45, 298n21; competition between, and barber shops, 159, 240; growing number of, 157, 159 black business districts, 12, 150–57 black churches, 3, 4, 150, 217, 244, 251 black commercial public sphere, 4, 7, 170, 173, 217, 218, 241. See also modern black barber shops black consciousness movement, 236–37 black conventions, 50–51, 53, 56, 65 black elite, 27, 29, 148; barbers in, 27–29, 49, 55, 63, 148 “black is beautiful” discourse, 236 Black Panther Party, 231, 238, 250 black press, 156, 158, 173–75, 198. See also specific newspapers black public sphere, 3–5, 241–42; bathhouses in, 26–27; and integration, 217, 243. See also black churches; black commercial public sphere; black press black women, 11, 26, 27, 52, 56–57; in barber colleges, 166; and beauty industry, 157, 244–45 (see also beauty shops); as hairdressers , 18, 57–58, 264n84; hairstyles of, 159–62, 237, 238, 240, 244 —in barber shops: as customers, 159–63, 178, 240; as employees, 76–77, 157–59, 162–64, 176, 191 (see also Hurston, Zora Neale); as owners, 164, 178, 233 Blount, Leander, 227–28 bobbed hair, 159–63, 191 bootblacks, 50, 66 Boston, Uriah, 55–56 Boston, Mass., 43, 54, 111, 175, 231 Bovello, Charles J., 208 Bright, J. Fulmer, 140, 286n119 Bristol, Douglas, 256–57n13, 262–63n63 Bristol, Va., 131 Brooklyn, N.Y., 54, 111–13, 168, 229, 241; barber shop conversations in, 227–28, 242–43 Brown, Carl, 207 Brown, Henry, 163 Brown, John, 19–20, 42 Brown, William Wells, 20, 24, 52 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 217, 223, 247, 298n16 Brunson, John, 222–25, 298n19, 299n24 Bryant, Curtis C., 225–26 Bryant, Peter, 99–100 Bryce, James, 80 Buchanan, Brenda, 35 Buchanan, Thomas, 30 Burr, John, 43 Burroughs, Margaret...