All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention

Notes

N o t e s Chapter 1. Constructing Humanitarian Intervention Note to epigraph: UN Security Council, 17 March 2011 (S/PV.6498). 1. ‘‘Gadaffi’s Son Warns of ‘Rivers of Blood’ in Libya,’’ Al Arabiya News, 21 February 2011, accessed 16 July 2012, www.alarabiya.net. 2. David Kirkpatrick and Kareem Fahim, ‘‘Qadaffi Warns of Assault on Benghazi as UN Vote Nears,’’ New York Times, 17 March 2011. 3. UN Security Council, 17 March 2011 (S/PV.6498), 44. 4. See also Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs About the Use of Force (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003). 5. These cases were Indian intervention in East Pakistan (1971), Tanzanian intervention in Uganda (1979), and Vietnamese inte rvention in Cambodia (1979). 6. Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 93. 7. UN Security Council, 25 February 2011 (S/PV.6490); UN Security Council, 26 February 2011 (S/PV.6491); UN Security Council (S/PV.6498). 8. UN Security Council (S/PV.6498), 6. 9. UN Security Council (S/PV.6498), 3. 10. See Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Future of Power (New York: Perseus, 2011), 19–20. 11. See Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). 12. Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst, International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004), 110. 13. Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council (New York: United Nations , 1983), Rules 37, 39, http://www.un.org. 14. David M. Malone, ‘‘International Criminal Justice: Just an Expensive Mirage?’’ International Journal (Summer 2008): 731. 15. Peter Wallensteen and Patrik Johansson, ‘‘Security Council Decisions in Perspective ,’’ in The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the Twenty-First Century, ed. David M. Malone (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004), 18–19, 26–27. 270 Notes to Pages 6–12 16. Wallensteen and Johansson, ‘‘Security Council Decisions in Perspective,’’ 27. For an alternative perspective about the frequency of war see Joshua S. Goldstein, ‘‘Think Again: War,’’ Foreign Policy, September–October 2011. 17. UN Security Council, 11 August 1992 (S/PV.3105). 18. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights: In Theory and Practice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 22. 19. Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention. 20. Robert Jackson, Sovereignty at the Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 10. 21. Jackson, Sovereignty at the Millennium, 10. 22. Jackson, Sovereignty at the Millennium, 8, 12. 23. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001). 24. Bruce Cronin, ‘‘Intervention and the International Community,’’ in International Intervention: Sovereignty Versus Responsibility, ed. Michael Keren and Donald A. Sylvan (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 150. 25. Jackson, Sovereignty at the Millennium, 22. 26. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 156. 27. See Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. 28. Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2000), 169. 29. For a discussion of the factors contributing to the growing legitimacy of the human rights idea, see Kenneth Roth, ‘‘Human Rights Organizations: A New Force for Social Change,’’ in Realizing Human Rights: Moving from Inspiration to Impact, ed. Samantha Power and Graham Allison (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 225–48. 30. See Martha Finnemore, ‘‘Paradoxes in Humanitarian Intervention,’’ in Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics, ed. Richard M. Price (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 198. 31. UN, ‘‘Secretary General Presents His Annual Report to the General Assembly ,’’ news release, 20 September 1999, SG/SM/7136, GA/9596, www.un.org. 32. UN, ‘‘Secretary General Presents His Annual Report.’’ 33. UN, ‘‘Secretary General Presents His Annual Report.’’ 34. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001), sec. VIII. 35. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, sec. XII. 36. UN General Assembly, ‘‘2005 World Summit Outcome Document,’’ 24 October 2005 (A/RES/60/1). 37. UN General Assembly, ‘‘2005 World Summit Outcome Document.’’ 38. Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Martha Finnemore Notes to Pages 13–17 271 and Kathryn Sikkink, ‘‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,’’ International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 887–917; and Ann Marie Clark, Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 28. 39. Finnemore and Sikkink, ‘‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.’’ 40...