Notes Introduction 1. In the category of exceptions, I would include T. H. Breen’s Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); and three volumes by James Axtell: The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981); After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). I will not otherwise name names. 2. Chapters 3, 5, and 7 appear in print here for the first time. Bibliographic information on the original publications from which other essays have been reprinted appears at the beginning of the notes for each relevant chapter. The texts of Chapters 1, 3– 4, and 9– 11 appear as first published, except for some slight alterations in titles, the deletion of subheadings, a few standardizations of spelling, the correction of an occasional typographical or other error, and the replacement of some maps and illustrations. I have resisted the urge to update references to secondary sources or to revise the substance of arguments in the light of more recent scholarship or my own subsequent rethinking; for better or worse, the words stand as originally written. The same is true for the bod‑ ies of Chapters 2 and 6, which appear here with opening and closing sections modified to suit the structure of this volume. Chapter 8 is a substantial reworking of material previously published in a quite different context. All notes have been reduced to a common style; apart from replacing references to a few unpublished studies with now‑ published equivalents and deleting descriptions of long‑ ago works as “recent,” no effort has been made to update them bibliographically. Inevitably, with essays written over a period when broader projects were also in the works, ideas, examples, passages of prose, and occasionally whole paragraphs found their way into those broader projects, especially The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Col‑ onization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); and Before the Revolution: America’s Ancient Pasts (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011). I thank the publishers of those books for their indulgence. 3. Minutes of Conferences, Held with the Indians, at Easton, in the Months of July and November, 1756 (Philadelphia, 1757), 8. Throughout this volume, the following conventions for dealing with seventeenth‑and eighteenth‑ century quotations are used. I have silently modernized punctuation and uses of the formerly interchangeable letters i and j and u and v, and instances of ff and vv (antique forms of F and w). The Old English letter thorn (often rendered as y and for centuries used as shorthand for th) has also been modernized. Superscripts in usages such as ye were also a form of shorthand. These and other abbreviations have been expanded or replaced with modern equivalents (the for ye , that for yt , Mr. for Mr , nation for nac̃on, and and for &). In words taken from 252 Notes to Pages 2–6 French‑ language sources, the symbol often rendered as 8 (actually a u perched atop an o) has been replaced by ou or w to conform to modern usage. The Dutch ij has similarly been replaced with y. 4. Minutes of Conferences, Held with the Indians, 8 (quotation). At the July 1756 conference, Weiser said “he was a Stranger to Teedyuskung and his company and must have time to inform himself of his Temper and Expectations” (“Material Pertaining to Pennsylvania Indian Affairs,” n.p., s.v. 27 July 1756, Manuscripts on Indian Affairs, 1755– 1792, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia). On go‑ betweens in general, and on Weiser in particular, see James H. Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999). For the events surrounding Teedyuscung’s 1756 speech, see “Material Pertaining to Indian Af‑ fairs,” s.v. 26, 30 July 1756; Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700– 1763 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), 87– 115; and Chapter 8 below. As Merrell notes, Teedyuscung’s speeches on this and other occasions were transcribed and edited by various Euro‑American witnesses possessed of varied translating expertise, often with dramatic differences in content and tone (“‘I Desire All That I Have Said . . . May Be...