Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920

Notes

notes introduction 1. The term Russian Jewry is used here to mean the Jewish population of the former Russian Empire, including Ukraine, Belorussia, etc. 2. S. Baron has claimed that the number of victims could easily be more than 50,000 (S. Baron, The Russian Jews Under Tsars and Soviets, 2nd ed. [New York, 1976], 184). N. Gergel likewise claimed that even according to the most conservative figures, the number of people killed could be placed between 50,000 and 60,000 (N. Gergel, “The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–21,” YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 6 [1951]: 249). Nora Levin also uses the 50,000–60,000 figure (N. Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 [New York, 1988], 1:49). Sh. Ettinger places the number of victims at 75,000. (Sh. Ettinger in A History of the Jewish People, ed. H. H. Ben-Sasson [Cambridge, Mass., 1976], 954). S. Gusev-Orenburgskii in his Kniga o evreiskikh pogromakh na Ukraine v 1919 (Petrograd, no date), 14, uses 100,000, while Iu. Larin’s Evrei i antisemitizm v SSSR (Moscow , Leningrad, 1929), 55, places the number at 200,000. Zvi Gitelman holds that 30,000 Jews were killed, while the inclusion of those who died as a result of injury or disease connected with the pogroms would put the number at 150,000 (Z. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present, 2nd ed. [Bloomington , Ind., 2001], 70). O. Figes prefers the figure calculated by Soviet Jewish organizations , which amounts to approximately 150,000. See O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (New York, 1998), 855 and GARF (Gosudarstvennii Arkhiv Rossiisskoi Federatsii), f. 6764, op. 1, d. 775, l. 3–4. 3. A. Greenbaum, “Bibliographical Essay” in Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, ed. J. D. Klier and S. Lambroza (Cambridge, 1992), 380. 4. Roskies, D. Against the Apocalypse: Responses to Catastrophe in Modern Jewish Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), 138. 5. R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1993), 112. 6. See O. V. Budnitskii, “‘Evreiskii vopros’ v Grazhdanskoi Voine (Istoriogra- ficheskie zametki)” in Istoriia evreiskogo naroda: Materialy Shestoi Ezhegodnoi Mezhdunarodnoi Mezhdistsiplinarnoi konferentsii po iudaike, chast’ 2 (Moscow, 1999), 144–73; O. Budnitskii, “Jews, Pogroms, and the White Movement: A Historiographical Critique ,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 4 (Fall 2001): 751–72. 416 notes to pages 6–8 chapter 1 1. For general studies on the history of Jews in Russia see the following works: Iu. I. Gessen, Istoriia evreiskogo naroda v Rossii, vols. 1–2 (Leningrad, 1925–27); Kniga o russkom evreistve: ot 1860-x godov do revoliutsii 1917g. (New York, 1960); Sh. Ettinger, ed., Ocherk istorii evreiskogo naroda, vol. 2 (Jerusalem, 1990); S. Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets, 2nd ed. (New York, 1976); H. D. Löwe, The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction and Anti-semitism in Imperial Russia, 1772–1917 (Chur, 1993); Z. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to present, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, Ind., 2001). For monographs of a more limited scope see J. D. Klier, Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the “Jewish Question” in Russia, 1772–1825 (DeKalb, Ill., 1986) (the Russian translation is a reworked edition which includes additional information : Dzh. D. Klier, Rossiia sobiraet svoikh evreev: Proiskhozhdenie evreiskogo voprosa v Rossii, 1772–1825 [Moscow, Jerusalem, 2000]); J. D. Klier, Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question , 1855–1881 (Cambridge, 1995); M. Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825–1855 (Philadelphia, 1983); H. Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, 1986); B. Nathans, Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, 2002). Of course, this is not an exhaustive list. The following historiographical works are also valuable resources: Evrei v Rossii: Istroriograficheskie ocherki. 2-ia polovina XIX veka–XX vek (Moscow, Jerusalem, 1994) (the collection contains two important studies: a translation of A. Greenbaum’s monograph, Jewish Scholarship and Scholarly Institutions in Soviet Russia, 1918–1953, as well as P. Sh. Ganelin and V. E. Kel’ner’s “Problemy istoriografii evreev v Rossii. 2-ia pol. XIX v–1 chetv. XX v.”); B. Nathans , “On Russian-Jewish Historiography” in Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State, ed...