Notes
Notes Introduction 1. Paul R. Dimond, Beyond Busing: Inside the Challenge to Urban Segregation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985), 303. 2. “Biden Sets Busing Facedown,” EJ, June 29, 1974. 3. Congressional Quarterly, Almanac, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess., 30 (1974): 461–62; Joseph R. Biden, Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics (New York: Random House, 2007), 124–25. 4. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976); Peter H. Irons, Jim Crow’s Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision (New York: Viking, 2002); James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration, 1954–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Robert J. Cottrol, Raymond T. Diamond, and Leland Ware, Brown v. Board of Education: Caste, Culture, and the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas , 2003); Mark V. Tushnet, The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925–1950 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936–1961 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Manfred Berg, The Ticket to Freedom: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005); Patricia Sullivan, Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: New Press, 2009); Charles J. Ogletree, All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education (New York: Norton, 2004); Genna Rae McNeil, Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). 5. G. Calvin Mackenzie and Robert Weisbrot, The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s (New York: Penguin, 2008), 158–66, 175–83. 6. “Biden Defends Vote and Angers Antibusing Crowd,” EJ, July 10, 1974; “Busing Clash Wins Biden Few Friends,” MN, July 10, 1974; Gary Orfield, Must We Bus? Segregated Schools and National Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1978), 272–73. 7. James D. Anderson and Dara N. Byrne, The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. 254 Notes to Pages 4–5 Board of Education (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2004); Vivian Gunn Morris, The Price They Paid: Desegregation in an African American Community (New York: Teachers College Press, 2002); David S. Cecelski, Along Freedom Road: Hyde County, North Carolina and the Fate of Black Schools in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 344–42; Klarman, “How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis ,” Journal of American History 81, 1 (June 1994): 81–118; Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 39–172; Stephen C. Halpern, On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Risa L. Goluboff, The Lost Promise of Civil Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007); Berg, Ticket to Freedom, 116–39; Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), 148; Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984); Wolters, Race and Education, 1954–2007 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008); David J. Armor, Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). For a thoughtful review of the sum of this literature, see James C. Cobb, The Brown Decision, Jim Crow, and Southern Identity (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005), 31–55. 8. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930– 1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 39–59. 9. Dean E. Robinson, Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 2. 10. Heather Ann Thompson, “All Across the Nation: Urban Black Activism, North and South, 1965–1975,” in African American Urban History Since World War II, ed. Kenneth L. Kusmer and Joe W. Trotter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 182; Derrick A. Bell, Jr., “Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation,” Yale Law Journal 85, 4 (1975–76): 470. 11. Herbert A...
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